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Unit 5 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion

A

Breakdown of food into a useful form that can be absorbed and used by cells

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2
Q

How is digestion used by cells (2)

A

Creation of energy- cellular respiration, production of ATP.
Repair and growth

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3
Q

What types of food do we ingest (4)

A

Proteins
Fat
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids

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4
Q

How are food broken down in 2 way

A

Mechanical
Chemical

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5
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

The physical breakdown, mastication and churning

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6
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

The physical breakdown, mastication and churning

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7
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Chemical breakdown acids, surfactants, enzymes

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8
Q

What is the digestive system made up of (2)

A

Alimentary canals
Accessory organs

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9
Q

What is the digestive system process (5 in order)

A

Ingestion
propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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10
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs (3)

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver and bilary tract

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11
Q

What are the four layer of the GI tract

A

serosa
Muscularis
Sub mucosa
Mucosa

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12
Q

What does Gi tract stand for

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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13
Q

What is the serosa

A

Outer layer of the GI tract the membrane epithelium that surrounds the outside of the tube

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14
Q

What does the submucosa and mucosa do

A

secretes enzymes and mucus into the GI tract

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15
Q

What are the two types of muscles in the muscularis

A

Smooth muscle
Longitudinal- tone change in length
circular- mixing processes

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16
Q

What does the submucosa contain (4)

A

rich blood supply
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves supply
mucosal glands

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17
Q

What is substance is located in the lumen of the gut

A

chyme

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18
Q

What are the features of the structure submucosa (5)

A

Connective tissue
Elastic Fibres
Collagen Fibres
Fibroblasts
Ground substance

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19
Q

What is the main function of the submucosa

A

Secretory glands producing digestive juices

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20
Q

What mucosa main functions (4)

A

protection from physical damage
Lubricate the gut
enzyme secretion
hormone secretion

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21
Q

What is the key feature of the structure of the mucosal lining

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Goblet cells

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22
Q

What is the function of the muclaris layer

A

provide peristalsis and mixing
Onward movement regulated by sphincters

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23
Q

Where is the serosa located

A

In the abdomen peritoneum

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24
Q

What is the serosa main function

A

A barrier to spread of infection

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25
Q

What does mesenteries do (4)

A

supports the guts
Provide blood supply,
nerve supply
lymphatic drainage

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26
Q

What is peristalsis

A

The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles- wave like movement

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27
Q

What is food known as in the digestive system

A

Bolus

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28
Q

What is enteric nervous system made of

A

Diffuse net of nerve cells interconnected with axons

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29
Q

What are the two plexus in the wall of the gut called

A

Myenteric
submucosal

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30
Q

What is myenteric pleuxus role

A

The movement of the bowels

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31
Q

Myenteric plexus
What type of nervous system does it receive from

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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32
Q

What is submucosal plexus role

A

Control muscles and gland secretion (secretmotor)

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33
Q

Submucosal plexus
What type of nervous system does it receive from

A

Parasympathetic control

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34
Q

What are the main functions of the Oesophagus

A

Conveys food from mouth to stomach

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35
Q

What is the structure of the oesophagus

A

Thick protective stratified squamous epithelium
Mucosa subject to considerable friction

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36
Q

how is the passage of food facilitated by (3)

A

flatten of mucosal folds
mucous glands
loose and elastic submucosa

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37
Q

What is mucosa externa lower 2/3 made of and what it does

A

smooth muscle
peristalsis

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38
Q

What does the stomach do

A

Stores food
mechanical breakdown and chemical breakdown

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39
Q

what is the extra layer of muscularis in the stomach called

A

oblique muscle

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40
Q

what is the highly secretly mucosa contain in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid
Pepsin
Mucus

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41
Q

What is pepsin

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins

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42
Q

what type of muscus is produced in the stomach and what it does

A

alkaline protect against the mixture of digestive enzymes

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43
Q

what does the cardia region of the stomach do

A

neutralises the stomach by the producing a large amount of alkaline mucous

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44
Q

What does fundus do in the body

A

produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid

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45
Q

what happens at the pyloric end of the stomach

A

mucous glands producing the protective ,mucous

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46
Q

what is the stomach lining made of

A

simple columnar epithelium that have tight juctions between cells.

47
Q

Why is the stomach lining got tight junction

A

pepsin acid does leak into other tissues

48
Q

What are the gastric pits of the stomach lining do

A

synthesis and secretion of the gastric juices

49
Q

what are the five cells in glands of stomach fundus and body

A

Surface mucous cells
mucous neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells

50
Q

What does the surface mucous cells secrete

A

bicarbonate
alkaline mucus

51
Q

What does mucous neck cells secrete

A

acidic mucus activate enzymes

52
Q

What does parietal cells secrete

A

secrete hydrochloric acid
intrinsic factor absorption of Vitamin B12

53
Q

What does chief cell secrete

A

Pepsinogen
lipases- the enzyme that helps break down lipids and fatty material

54
Q

What does G cells secrete and what does it do

A

Gastrin which stimulate parietal cells to produce HCL

55
Q

What is the small intestine function

A

glands secrete intestinal juices
complete chemical digestion
absorption of nutrients

56
Q

What improves the surface area for digestion and
absorption

A

Mucosal folds
Villi
Microvilli

57
Q

what does each villous contain

A

capillary bed
lacteal- uptake of lymph

58
Q

What is the apical columnar cells of the small intestine is

A

microvilli

59
Q

What does paneth cell produce and what does it do

A

defensins
Lysozymes
help control bacterial load in gut

60
Q

What are the cells in the small intestines (6)

A

Absorptive cells
Goblet cells
Intestinal crypt
Entero- endocrine cells
Secretory cells
Paneth cells

61
Q

What does the secretory cells produce

A

Intestinal juice

62
Q

What is intestinal juice

A

water mucus that emulsify and bulk up the chyme and make it possible for absorption of nutrients

63
Q

What are enter endocrine cells and explain what it does

A

produce secretion which inhibits gastric emptying
cholecystokinin controls pancreatic secretion and bile secretion stimulate by vagal tone

64
Q

What are the key features of small intestines

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

65
Q

What are the specialisation of the duodenum what it does

A

bruners glands
cholecystokinin production

66
Q

What do Bruner glands do

A

secrete alkaline mucus which protects mucosa and neutralises chyme

67
Q

What does cholecystokinin production

A

control the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas
Control emptying of the gallbladder in the duodenum

68
Q

what is trypsinogen

A

an inactive enzyme that is activated once it enters genome and become active once enter duodenum and becomes trypsin.

69
Q

What is trypsin

A

A protein digestive enzyme

70
Q

What is the jejunum

A

is the second section of small intestines and the main absorptive region

71
Q

What are the main features of the jejunum

A

Few Bruner glands
pH neutral to alkaline
Mucosal folds quick absorption
Longest villi location

72
Q

What is absorbed in the jejunum (4)

A

Fats
Amino acids
Vitamins
Glucose

73
Q

what is the ileum

A

Last part of the small intestines

74
Q

What are the key features of the ileum

A

Peyer patches
Huge domes of lymphoid tissue

75
Q

What is the Function of the ileum

A

Absorption of Vitamin B12

76
Q

The control of intestinal secretion (3)

A

stimulus for production presence of chyme in intestine
secretin stimulate liver cells to release biles and pancreatic secretion
cholechostokinin stimulate gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion

77
Q

What is segmentation

A

The muscular activity that divides and mixes chyme by movement back and fourth of the gastrointestinal tract

78
Q

What is the colon

A

The longest part of the large intestine it removes water and nutrients and electrolytes from particular digestive system

79
Q

What are the key structure of the colon

A

Teniae coli
haustra
Epiploic appendage

80
Q

What is the epiploic appendage

A

Fat filled pouch

81
Q

What is the teniae cloli

A

Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle

82
Q

What is the haustra

A

Pocket like sac

83
Q

What are the key features of the colon (4)

A

Thick mucosa- simple columnar epithelium
Many crypt- absorptive cells, goblet cells
No circular folds
no villi

84
Q

Why is goblet cells important in colon

A

Produce mucus that can speed up and thickens and develop faeces

85
Q

What does the endocrine cells do in the colon

A

produce hormone polypeptide YY inhibits mobility and promote water and salt selection

86
Q

What does the polypeptide YY do

A

produce and promote uptake of water and salts and reduce motility

87
Q

What does bacterial flora do

A

synthesise vitamin B and K
ferment indigestible carbohydrate and produce flatus

88
Q

What are the key features in the rectum and anal canal

A

Anal canal
Anal column
External anal sphincter
Internal anal sphincter
anal sinus
Rectal valve

88
Q

What are the key features in the rectum and anal canal

A

Anal canal
Anal column
External anal sphincter
Internal anal sphincter
anal sinus
Rectal valve

89
Q

What is the external anal canal
Voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary

90
Q

What is the internal anal canal
Voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

91
Q

What does the anal sinus release

A

Mucus when compressed

92
Q

What is the anal canal made of

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

93
Q

The defecation reflex

A

The evacuation of fecal material from the rectum in response to stimulation of afferent nerves in the distal bowel

94
Q

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system (3)

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

95
Q

Finish sentence
the liver detoxification of ———

A

metabolic waste

96
Q

the liver destructs ——

A

spent red blood cells

97
Q

The liver secretion of ——-

A

biles

98
Q

the liver synthesis ——

A

Plasma proteins

99
Q

The liver process and stores ——- absorbed from gut tube

A

nutrients

100
Q

What doe the liver store

A

fat soluble vitamins
glucose

101
Q

the liver lobule contains a group of —–

A

hepatocytes

102
Q

What are liver lobules separated by

A

connective tissue with portal tracts

103
Q

What happens at the liver lobule

A

small blood vessels diffuse oxygen and nutrients through their capillary walls into liver cells.

104
Q

What is the space of Disse

A

Area between the endothelial cells and hepatocytes filled with blood plasma, nutrients and oxygens.

105
Q

What does the gall bladder contain (3)

A

A muscular sac that stores concentrate biles
tall columnar epithelium with brush border
Lymph and blood vessels in submucosa to transport H2O away

106
Q

what are biles

A

digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

107
Q

How are biles concentrated

A

By absorption of water through the walls of the gallbladder

108
Q

What does the pancreas secrete

A

Alkaline fluid rich in nutrients

109
Q

Does the pancreas nutralised acid chyme from stomach

A

yes

110
Q

what is stimulates when there is a presence of acidic chyme in the intestine

A

production of intestinal fluid

111
Q

What does secretin stimulate

A

liver cells to release biles and pancreatic secretions

112
Q

What does cholecystokinin stimulate

A

Gallbladder contractions and pancreatic secretion

Unit 5 (5 decks)

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