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Unit 5 > Renal system > Flashcards

Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key features of the internal anatomy of the kidney (10)

A

renal cortex
Renal medulla
Major calyx
Papilla of pyramid
Renal pelvis
minor calyx
Ureter
renal pyramid in renal medulla
Renal column
Fibrous capsule

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2
Q

What does the kidney regulate (3)

A

Electrolyte Balance
Fluid balance
Acid base control

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3
Q

What does the kidney produce

A

Renin
Erythropoietin

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4
Q

What does the kidney metabolise

A

metabolise vitamin D

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5
Q

What does the kidney excrete

A

waste products and toxins

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6
Q

What does the nephron consist of (6)

A

Glomerulus
Bowman capsulse
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop/ loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

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7
Q

What is the glomerulus and what does it sit inside

A

A network of capillaries and sits inside the glomerular (bowman capsule)

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8
Q

What are the three processes of the formation of urine

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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9
Q

What does the afferent arterioles that goes into the glomerulus what do the granular cells release

A

Renin

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10
Q

Where does filtration occur in the nephron

A

Glomerulus

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11
Q

Where is the kidney located

A

Posterior wall of the abdomen

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12
Q

What does the afferent arterioles do

A

They put plasma into the glomerulus to start filtration process.

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13
Q

What does the efferent arterioles do

A

They take the plasma that will not be filtered

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14
Q

What is the Juxta glomerular apparatus

A

to maintain blood pressure

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15
Q

what the components of the junta glomerular apparatus (3)

A

Vascular components- different arterioles
Extraglomerular messangium
Tubular components

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16
Q

What is renin

A

The enzyme that controls blood pressure

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17
Q

What are the three main step in the filtration membrane of the kidney

A

Fenestrated endothelial cells
Glomerular basement membrane
Podocytes

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18
Q

what does the fenestrated endothelial cells do

A

selecting small molecules to go through and retain large molecules e.g proteins

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19
Q

fenestration process
what does it do (2)

A

filteration membrane which won’t allow large molecules to go through.
filteration membrane negative charge so react negative charge molecules

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20
Q

What happens at the prototypes

A

retain large molecules

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21
Q

What happens if large molecules go through the prototypes

A

Large molecules can damage tubules and could cause malfunction to the kidney

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22
Q

What is filteration

A

The movement of H20 and solutes from blood into filtrate under pressure

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23
Q

When the filtrate passes to proximal convoluted tubule what does it not contain (4)

A

Red blood cells
White blood cell
Platelets
Large proteins

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24
Q

What is filtered in the proximal convoluted tubule (7)

A

Glucose
Aminio acids
waste
Vitamins
Electrolyte
Nutrients
Water

25
Q

What is the rate of glomerular filtration in minutes

A

125ml per minute

26
Q

What controls the glomerular filteration rate (2)

A

Efferent arterioles vasconsrtict and increase blood flow by hydrostatic pressure.

Afferent arterioles will vasodilation and decrease blood flow caused by colloid osmotic pressure

27
Q

How autoregulation occur in the kidney
-Pressure high
-Pressure low

A

Pressure high- afferent arterioles constrict to reduce pressure enter glomerulus

Pressure low- efferent arterioles construct to increase pressure in glomerulus

28
Q

What stimulate renin from the pressure of arterioles and the type

A

Low pressure
Afferent arterioles

29
Q

What are the two types of mechanism do we have for regulation of glomerular filteration rate

A

Intrinsic
Extrinsic

30
Q

decrease blood pressure on the afferent arterioles and a decrease glomerular filteration rate
What is needed to increase glomerular filteration rate the myogenic mechanism of auto regulation

A

stretch of Smooth muscles decrease in walls of afferent arterioles
vasodilation of the afferent arterioles

31
Q

Decrease în glomerular filtration rate what is the tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregualtion to increase glomerular filtration rate (3)

A

Filtrate flow of NaCl in ascending limb of nephron loop
acts on the mucula dense cells of juxtaglomerular complex of kidney
Vasodilation of the afferent arterioles

32
Q

What does intrinsic mechanisms do

A

Regulate glomerular filtration rate despite changes to blood pressure

33
Q

What does extrinsic mechanism mean

A

indirectly regulate glomerular filteration by maintaining systemic blood pressure.

34
Q

How is systematic pressure increased by hormonal mechanisms

A

Grandular cells of juxtaglomerular complex of kidney release renin
catalysed cascade result in formation of
angiotensin II
which causes two things
1- increase in aldosterone secretion by adrenal cortex then increase Na reabsorption by kidney tubules water follows which increase blood volume.

2- vasoconstriction of systematic arterioles increase peripheral resistance

This increases sysmatic blood pressure

35
Q

How is systmatic blood pressure increased by neutral control

A

inhibit baroreceptors in blood vessels of systematic circulation which is then located in the sympathetic nervous system
Vasconstriction of systemic arterioles increase peripheral resistance

increase systemic blood pressure

36
Q

What is tubular reabsorption

A

the return of useful substances and water from filtrate into the blood

37
Q

What happens at the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Selective process begins

38
Q

What two hormone used in reabsorption of the tubular

A

aldosterone
ADH

39
Q

What does alderstone influence in reabsorption

A

distal convoluted tubule

40
Q

What does ADH affect

A

The permeability of collecting duct to H20

41
Q

What is tubular secretion

A

Active removal of unwanted substances and wastes from the blood into the filtrate

42
Q

What is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Potassium

43
Q

What is secreted in distal convoluted tubule

A

Na+ sodium

44
Q

What is the composition of urine

A

95% water
5% solute ( urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate , sulphate, creatinine, uric acid.

45
Q

What does renin do

A

release juxta glomerular apparatus in response to low blood pressure

46
Q

What does renin be converted into

A

angiotensin I

47
Q

What is angiotensin I converted into

A

Angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme from lungs

48
Q

What does angiotensin II cause

A

Vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels
Release aldosterone from adrenal cortex cause reabsorption of Na+ and H2O in renal tubules (DCT)

49
Q

If there is lots of hydrogen ions what does it cause the Ph to be

A

Lower the Ph of the blood

50
Q

If there is lots of OH- in the blood what does it cause the Ph to be

A

Increase the Ph of the blood

51
Q

What are the three mechanisms that can maintain acid base balances

A

Buffers
Respiratory system
Renal system and kidney

52
Q

How is erythropoietin produced

A

By kidney

53
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate

A

bone marrow to produce red blood cells

54
Q

erythropoietin production can stimulate what

A

Hypoxaemia

55
Q

The hormonal control of calcium hoemostastis is through the release of what

A

Parathyroid hormone

56
Q

What is the kidney role in the Ca2+ homeostasis

A

Reabsorption of Calcium and the metabolism of vitamin D

calcium is reabsorbed as phosphate is excreted

57
Q

What hormone concentrate your urine

A

Antidiuretic hormone

58
Q

How does the kidney maintain hoemostasis

A

Control water, ions,

59
Q

What are the 7 functions of the kidney

A

Overall fluid balance
Regulate and filter minerals from blood
Filter waste material from food
filter toxic substances
Create hormone that help produce hormones
Promote bone health
Regulate blood pressure

Unit 5 (5 decks)

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