Biochemistry Part II

Question 1

Formula for

Glucose

Answer 1

C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 2

Monomer of

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Monosaccharides

Question 3

Types of

Carbohydrates

Answer 3

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 4

Examples of

Monosaccharides

Answer 4

Glucose
Ribose
Galactose
Fructose
Other trioses, pentoses, and hexoses

Question 5

Examples of

Disaccharides

Answer 5

Lactose
Sucrose

Question 6

Examples of

Polysaccharides

Answer 6

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Chitin

(You do not need to memorize the chart!)

Question 7

What is/are

Glucose

Answer 7

Most important monosaccharide
C₆H₁₂O_{6<br></br>Used for immediate energy}

Question 8

What is/are

Disaccharides

Answer 8

Two monosaccharides bonded together

Question 9

What is/are

Polysaccharides

Answer 9

Many monosaccharides bonded together

Question 10

What is/are

Lactose

Answer 10

A disaccharide
Found in milk

Question 11

What is/are

Starch

Answer 11

Polysaccharide
Plant glucose storage
Common in potatoes

Question 12

What is/are

Glycogen

Answer 12

Polysaccharide
Animal glucose storage
Often stored in the liver or muscles

Question 13

What is/are

Cellulose

Answer 13

Polysaccharide
Used by plants for forming the cell wall

Question 14

Parts of

Fats and Oils

Answer 14

Glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 15

Define

Triacylglycerol

Answer 15

A glycerol covalently bonded to three fatty acids

Fats and oils

Question 16

Common feature of

Lipids

Answer 16

Hydrophobic, due to nonpolar bonds between carbons and hydrogens

Question 17

Examples of

Lipids

Answer 17

Fats and oils
Waxes
Phospholipids
Cholesterol and steroids
Pigments

Question 18

Define

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 18

A hydrocarbon with all single bonds
Each carbon in the chain is bound to two hydrogen atoms

Question 19

Define

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 19

A hydrocarbon with one or more double bonds
Some of the carbon atoms in the chain are bound to only one hydrogen atom

Question 20

Define

Fat

Answer 20

Triacylglycerides with all saturated fatty acids or trans-fatty acids, which can pack in tightly to form a solid

Question 21

Define

Oil

Answer 21

Triacylglycerides with some cis-unsaturated fatty acids, which do not pack in tightly enough to form a solid

Question 22

Define

Cis-fatty acid

Answer 22

Fatty acid chain with a double bond in the cis configuration
The molecule is bent

Question 23

Define

Trans-fatty acid

Answer 23

Fatty acid chain with a double bond in the trans configuration
The molecule can be in a mostly-linear structure
Found mainly in foods that have been chemically processed

Question 24

Define

Steroid

Answer 24

Lipids that have a four-fused-ring structure

Question 25

*List types of* **Steroids**

Answer 25

``` Cholesterol Hormone molecules (ex: testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone) ```

Question 26

*Monomer of* **Proteins**

Answer 26

Amino acids

Question 27

*Structure of* **Amino acids**

Answer 27

A central carbon attached to: - A hydrogen atom - A carboxyl group - An amino group - An R group

Question 28

*Define* **R group**

Answer 28

The part of an amino acid that differs to make each amino acid unique

Question 29

*Define* **Polypeptide**

Answer 29

A strand of amino acids

Question 30

*Define* **Primary structure**

Answer 30

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

Question 31

*Define* **Secondary structure**

Answer 31

The localized folding patterns of a polypeptide

Question 32

*Define* **Tertiary structure**

Answer 32

The overall folding pattern of a polypeptide

Question 33

*Define* **Quaternary structure**

Answer 33

The joining of two or more polypeptides and/or other molecules to form a functional protein

Question 34

*What causes* **Primary structure**

Answer 34

The DNA instructions

Question 35

*What causes* **Secondary structure**

Answer 35

Hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups of amino acids (not adjacent to each other)

Question 36

*What causes* **Tertiary structure**

Answer 36

Chemical attraction of R groups within a polypeptide

Question 37

*What causes* **Quaternary structure**

Answer 37

Chemical attraction of R groups of different polypeptides

Question 38

*Examples of* **Secondary structure**

Answer 38

β- pleated sheets α-helix

Question 39

*Examples of* **Tertiary structure**

Answer 39

Ionic bonding Disulfide bridges Hydrogen bonding Hydrophobic interactions

Question 40

*Functions of* **Proteins**

Answer 40

Enzymes Transport Structure Hormone Immunity Movement Storage

Question 41

*Define* **Denaturation**

Answer 41

The loss of the shape of a molecule (usually proteins)

Question 42

*Causes of* **Denaturation**

Answer 42

Changes in temperature, pH, or other conditions that lead to weakened chemical attraction of parts of the polypeptide, causing it to lose its three-dimensional shape (and therefore its function)

Question 43

*Monomer of* **Nucleic acids**

Answer 43

Nucleotides

Question 44

*Types of* **Nucleic acids**

Answer 44

DNA and RNA

Question 45

*Describe the function of* **DNA**

Answer 45

Carry the genetic instructions for building proteins Passed on to new cells during cell division / reproduction

Question 46

*Describe the function of* **RNA**

Answer 46

Involved in using the DNA “code” to build proteins

Question 47

*List the parts of* **Nucleotides**

Answer 47

Phosphate group Five-carbon sugar Nitrogenous base

Question 48

*List the* **Types of nitrogenous bases**

Answer 48

Purines: Adenine and guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Question 49

*Describe* **DNA nucleotides**

Answer 49

Phosphate, deoxyribose, and either A, C, T, or G

Question 50

*Describe* **RNA nucleotides**

Answer 50

Phosphate, ribose, and either A, C, U, or G

Question 51

*Describe the structure of* **DNA**

Answer 51

Sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases facing into helix Hydrogen bonds form between thymine and adenine or guanine and cytosine Double helix coils into chromosomes

Question 52

*Numbering system in* **Nucleotides**

Answer 52

1’ carbon binds to nitrogenous base 3’ carbon binds to free hydroxyl group 5’ carbon binds to phosphate group

Question 53

*Define* **Antiparallel**

Answer 53

In DNA double helix, the backbone runs in opposite directions One strand runs 5’-\>3’ and the other runs 3’-\>5’