Cell Structures

Question 1

Two main types of microscopes

Answer 1

Light
Electron

Question 2

Typical magnification of light microscope lenses

Answer 2

**Scanning: 4x
Low: 10x
High: 40x
Oil immersion: 100x

Eyepiece: 10x**

Question 3

Two types of electron microscopes

Answer 3

Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM)

Question 4

Benefits of SEM

Answer 4

High magnification
High resolution
3D images

Question 5

Benefits of TEM

Answer 5

Highest magnification
Highest resolution
Slices / 2D images

Question 6

Cell Theory states:

Answer 6

• *1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells**

Question 7

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Answer 7

Life can arise from non-living matter
Disproven

Question 8

Two types of cells

Answer 8

Prokaryote
Eukaryote

Question 9

Parts of all cells

Answer 9

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Chromosomes / DNA
Ribosomes

Question 10

Prokaryote

Answer 10

Cells that lack membrane-bound organelles

Question 11

Prokaryotic organisms

Answer 11

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Question 12

Function of

Cell membrane

Answer 12

Semi permeable membrane
Allows only certain substances into and out of the cell

Question 13

Function of

Cell wall

Answer 13

Strong, protective outer layer that supports and shapes the cell
Prevents against drying out (prokaryotic cells)

Question 14

Function of

Capsule

Answer 14

Sticky outer-most layer on some prokaryotes
Aids in attachment to other cells or the substrate
Helpful for evading the immune system

Question 15

Function of

Flagella

Answer 15

Movement

Question 16

Function of

Ribosome

Answer 16

Protein synthesis

Question 17

Function of

Cytosol

Answer 17

Has dissolved substances that can be used for chemical reactions

Question 18

Function of

Cytoplasm

Answer 18

Contains cytosol and organelles (except nucleus in eukaryotes)

Question 19

Function of

Chromosome

Answer 19

Instructions for making proteins
Tightly coiled to fit into nucleus or nucleoid region

Question 20

Function of

Pili

Answer 20

Prokaryotic sex organ that allows two cells to join and exchange genetic information

Question 21

Function of

Nucleolus

Answer 21

Makes ribosomes

Question 22

Function of

Nuclear envelope

Answer 22

Separates cytoplasm from nucleoplasm
Protection of DNA in eukaryotic cells

Question 23

Function of

Nuclear pores

Answer 23

Allows for movement of nutrients into and out of the nucleus, and for the movement of RNA out of the nucleus

Question 24

Function of

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)

Answer 24

Lipid synthesis

Question 25

## Footnote *Function of* **Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)**

Answer 25

## Footnote **Location of bound ribosomes, which produce proteins that go into the rER Modification of proteins**

Question 26

## Footnote *Function of* **Golgi apparatus**

Answer 26

## Footnote **Chemical modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and other chemicals**

Question 27

## Footnote *Function of* **Vesicles**

Answer 27

## Footnote **Packages of chemicals**

Question 28

## Footnote *Function of* **Lysosomes**

Answer 28

## Footnote **Contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular materials (waste, pathogenic organisms, etc)**

Question 29

## Footnote *Function of* **Peroxisomes**

Answer 29

## Footnote **Contain enzymes to break down hydrogen peroxide**

Question 30

## Footnote *Function of* **Centriole**

Answer 30

## Footnote **Produce cytoskeleton structures prior to and during animal cell division**

Question 31

## Footnote *Function of* **Cytoskeleton**

Answer 31

## Footnote **Provides support for cells (especially animal cells) and aids in transport of structures**

Question 32

## Footnote *Function of* **Mitochondria**

Answer 32

## Footnote **Site of cellular respiration Production of usable chemical energy**

Question 33

## Footnote *Function of* **Chloroplast**

Answer 33

## Footnote **Site of photosynthesis Converts energy from sunlight into sugar**

Question 34

## Footnote *Function of* **Large Central Vacuole**

Answer 34

## Footnote **Water storage in plant cells Maintains cell turgidity (uprightness)**

Question 35

## Footnote **Eukaryote**

Answer 35

## Footnote **Cells with membrane-bound organelles**

Question 36

## Footnote **Groups of eukaryotic cells**

Answer 36

## Footnote **Protists (unicellular eukaryotes) Animals Plants fungi**

Question 37

## Footnote **Two events that led to eukaryotes**

Answer 37

## Footnote **Infolding of the cell membrane led to endomembrane system Endosymbiosis led to formation of mitochondria (all eukaryotes) and chloroplasts (plants and algae)**

Question 38

## Footnote **Parts of the endomembrane system**

Answer 38

## Footnote **Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi appartus Vesicles and vacuoles**

Question 39

## Footnote **Endosymbiotic Theory**

Answer 39

## Footnote **The mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from the engulfing of a small, specialized prokaryotic cell by a larger one The smaller prokaryote remained alive and continued to exist in the host cell**

Question 40

## Footnote **Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory**

Answer 40

## Footnote * *Mitochondria and chloroplasts have: 1. Their own ribosomes 2. Their own DNA 3. A double membrane**

Question 41

## Footnote **Types of vesicles**

Answer 41

## Footnote **Transport Lysosomes Peroxisomes Secretory**

Question 42

## Footnote **What prokaryotes have that eukaryotes don't**

Answer 42

## Footnote **Nucleoid region Capsule (sometimes) Peptidoglycan cell wall (Eubacteria only) Pili**

Question 43

## Footnote **What animal cells have that plant cells don't**

Answer 43

## Footnote **Centrioles Flagella More complex cytoskeleton**

Question 44

## Footnote **What plant cells have that animal cells don't**

Answer 44

## Footnote **Chloroplast Cell wall Large central vacuole**

Question 45

**Describe the production of a protein**

Answer 45

**Assembled on ribosomes Travels through rER; folded and modified Move to cis-face of Golgi apparatus Chemically modified Moved to trans-face of Golgi Packaged into vesicle**

Question 46

**Types of ribosomes**

Answer 46

**Free: In cytoplasm; make proteins for use in the cell Bound: Attached to ER; make proteins to be packaged into vesicles**

Question 47

*Identify this structure*

Answer 47

**Flagella**

Question 48

*Identify this structure*

Answer 48

**Nucleoid**

Question 49

*Identify this structure*

Answer 49

**Ribosome**

Question 50

*Identify this structure*

Answer 50

**Cell membrane**

Question 51

*Identify this structure*

Answer 51

**Cell wall**

Question 52

*Identify this structure*

Answer 52

**Capsule**

Question 53

*Identify this structure*

Answer 53

**Cytosol (or cytoplasm)**

Question 54

*Identify this structure*

Answer 54

**Pili**

Question 55

*Identify this structure*

Answer 55

**Flagella (on animal cell; different than on prokaryotic cell)**

Question 56

*Identify this structure*

Answer 56

**Nucleus**

Question 57

*Identify this structure*

Answer 57

**Nucleolus**

Question 58

*Identify this structure*

Answer 58

**Chromatin** **or** **Nucleoplasm**

Question 59

*Identify this structure*

Answer 59

**Nuclear envelope / membrane**

Question 60

*Identify this structure*

Answer 60

**Nuclear pore**

Question 61

*Identify this structure*

Answer 61

**Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum**

Question 62

*Identify this structure*

Answer 62

**Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum**

Question 63

*Identify this structure*

Answer 63

**Golgi Apparatus** **AKA Golgi Body**

Question 64

*Identify this structure*

Answer 64

**Vesicle** ***Cannot determine specific type***

Question 65

*Identify this structure*

Answer 65

**Mitochondrion**

Question 66

*Identify this structure*

Answer 66

**Cytoskeleton**

Question 67

*Identify this structure*

Answer 67

**Free ribosomes**

Question 68

*Identify this structure*

Answer 68

**Cell membrane**

Question 69

*Identify this structure*

Answer 69

**Chloroplast**

Question 70

*Identify this structure*

Answer 70

**Nucleus**

Question 71

*Identify this structure*

Answer 71

**Mitochondrion**

Question 72

*Identify this structure*

Answer 72

**Large central vacuole**

Question 73

*Identify this structure*

Answer 73

**Golgi apparatus**

Question 74

*Identify this structure*

Answer 74

**Endoplasmic reticulum**

Question 75

*Identify this structure*

Answer 75

**Cell membrane**

Question 76

*Identify this structure*

Answer 76

**Cell wall** **(cellulose!)**

Question 77

*Identify this structure*

Answer 77

**Outer mitochondrial membrane**

Question 78

*Identify this structure*

Answer 78

**Inner mitochondrial membrane**

Question 79

*Identify this structure*

Answer 79

**Intermembrane space**

Question 80

*Identify this structure*

Answer 80

**Cristae**

Question 81

*Identify this structure*

Answer 81

**Mitochondrial matrix**

Question 82

*Identify this structure*

Answer 82

**Ribosome (of mitochondria)**

Question 83

*Identify this structure*

Answer 83

**Outer chloroplast membrane**

Question 84

*Identify this structure*

Answer 84

**Stroma**

Question 85

*Identify this structure*

Answer 85

**Thylakoid membrane**

Question 86

*Identify this structure*

Answer 86

**Thylakoid space**

Question 87

*Identify this structure*

Answer 87

**Ribosome (of chloroplast)**

Question 88

*Identify this structure*

Answer 88

**DNA (of chloroplast)**