BIODIVERSITY

Question 1

Variation and richness of life at a particular scale/level

Answer 1

Biodiversity

Question 2

Coined by Walter Rozen in 1985 and first used in 1988 by E.O. Wilson

Answer 2

Biodiversity

Question 3

variability among living organisms from the land, the seas, and the ecological complexes (Convention on Biological Diversity or CBD)

Answer 3

Biodiversity

Question 4

LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Answer 4

genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity

Question 5

sum total of information contained in the genes of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms; genetic variation within a species

Answer 5

genetic diversity

Question 6

the number and relative proportions of different species, and their distribution and functions or interactions within a given spatial context

Answer 6

species diversity

Question 7

distribution and abundance of habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere

Answer 7

ecosystem diversity

Question 8

total number of species

Answer 8

species richness

Question 9

relative abundance/proportion of species

Answer 9

species evenness

Question 10

describes the type of elements and the number of representatives present at each level in an area

Answer 10

compositional biodiversity

Question 11

describes the variety of arrangement of these components -> how components are structured

Answer 11

structural biodiversity

Question 12

the variety of biological processes, functions or characteristics of a particular ecosystem/area; variety of processes which occur due to interaction of species with each other and their environment

Answer 12

functional biodiversity

Question 13

i.e. genetic composition of a population, kinds of habitats and communities across a specified landscape

Answer 13

compositional biodiversity

Question 14

i.e. spatial biodiversity such as the vertical layering of trees, temporal fluctuations such as how dynamics of a fish species can change depending on the season

Answer 14

structural biodiversity

Question 15

i.e. nutrient cycling, pollination, predation, parasitism

Answer 15

functional biodiversity

Question 16

Potential for different lifeforms to provide information necessary for science, materials that are useful to humans, and all other recreational, medical, or consumptive benefits

Answer 16

anthropocentric benefits

Question 17

protect a certain species or ecosystem, just in case it turns out to be useful

Answer 17

Anthropocentric nature of humans

Question 18

services that ecosystems perform for humanity

Answer 18

ecosystem services

Question 19

purifying water and air, pollinating crops, stabilizing soil, maintaining a proper heat balance in the atmosphere, and cycling critical nutrients

Answer 19

ecocentric benefits

Question 20

knowing that a healthy coral reef system or a tropical forest is present can already be fulfilling the need to protect these

Answer 20

intrinsic value

Question 21

MEASURING AND MONITORING BIODIVERSITY

Answer 21

(1) measure actual processes (2) surrogate approaches

Question 22

surrogate approaches

Answer 22

keystone, umbrella, indicator, flagship

Question 23

larger impact on the ecosystem (relative to its abundance)
impact becomes apparent once removed from an ecosystem
without them, an ecosystem would dramatically differ or would even cease to exist altogether

Answer 23

keystone species

Question 24

require large areas of habitat or home range – their protection might automatically protect many co-occurring species and the ecosystems and habitat types that go with these species

Answer 24

umbrella species

Question 25

species that set a benchmark against which comparisons can be made after a period of time

Answer 25

indicator species

Question 26

popular, charismatic species that serve as symbols and rallying points to stimulate conservation awareness and action

Answer 26

flagship species

Question 27

a place on Earth that is both biologically rich and deeply threatened due to habitat loss by human activity

Answer 27

biodiversity hotspot

Question 28

represent less than 3% of the Earth’s land surface but hold more than 50% of the world’s endemic vascular plant species, and nearly 43% of endemic land vertebrates (a combination of bird, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species)

Answer 28

biodiversity hotspot

Question 29

6th biodiversity hotspot

Answer 29

Philippines

Question 30

suggested in 1988 by Norman Myers due to the growing concern about the rapid loss of endemic species and habitat

Answer 30

biodiversity hotspot

Question 31

a gene, a species, or an ecosystem is only found or only lives in a particular region of the world—the loss of its kind means that it is lost forever

Answer 31

endemism

Question 32

covers endemism at the species, genetic, and ecosystem levels in any area or region with exceptionally high biodiversity

Answer 32

biodiversity hotspot

Question 33

areas with a low species diversity but are also home to rare species in threatened habitats

Answer 33

biodiversity coldspot

Question 34

to ensure that the largest percentage of species are protected; to know where species are found & understand the factors that led to this non-random distribution of species

Answer 34

distribution of biodiversity

Question 35

large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions

Answer 35

ecoregions

Question 36

no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died

Answer 36

extinct EX

Question 37

known only to survive in cultivation or in captivity; Let go to the wild to populate

Answer 37

extinct in the wild EW

Question 38

evidence (severe population decline, very small population, very small geographic area occupied) indicates it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild during the next 10 years to be >50%

Answer 38

critically endangered CR

Question 39

evidences (large population decline, small population, small geographic area occupied) indicate a very high risk of extinction in the wild during the next 20 years to be >20%

Answer 39

endangered EN

Question 40

evidences (large population decline, small population, small geographic area occupied) indicate a very high risk of extinction in the wild during the next 20 years to be at least 10%

Answer 40

vulnerable VU

Question 41

after evaluation, does not qualify for CE, EN or VU now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future

Answer 41

near threatened NT

Question 42

does not qualify for CE, EN, VU, or NT; widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category

Answer 42

least concern LC

Question 43

info is inadequate to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status

Answer 43

Data deficient DD

Question 44

has not yet been evaluated against the criteria

Answer 44

not evaluated NE

Question 45

reasons for high diversity and endemicity:

Answer 45

tropical location, a highly heterogeneous and complex topography, isolation created by separate islands, and rugged topography

Question 46

the decline or disappearance of biological diversity; worldwide extinction of different species; local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat

Answer 46

biodiversity loss

Question 47

causes of biodiversity loss

Answer 47

- population growth resulting to overharvesting - habitat loss: (1) deforestation; (2) loss of mangrove species; (3) urbanization - invasive alien species (IAS) - environmental pollution - climate change

Question 48

major cause of deforestation

Answer 48

agriculture

Question 49

cause species reduction also contributes to climate change causes water to return more quickly to the water cycle

Answer 49

logging operations

Question 50

mangroves threatened due to agricultural and commercial expansion

Answer 50

loss of mangrove species

Question 51

the growth of cities may lead to losses in biodiversity through fragmentation or destruction of large areas of natural habitat on which many species depend

Answer 51

urbanization

Question 52

when a living species not commonly found in a specific location becomes dominant

Answer 52

invasive alien species

Question 53

“species whose introduction and/or spread outside their natural past or present distribution threatens biological diversity”

Answer 53

IAS

Question 54

toxic chemicals from industry, excess nutrients and pesticides from farms, scattered trash from landfills, and smog in city skies main sources are agriculture and transport nitrogen and phosphorus are major drivers of biodiversity loss when nitrogen reaches critical load, it damages biodiversity --> eutrophication (highly observed in Europe)

Answer 54

environmental pollution

Question 55

changes in temperature and weather conditions impact living organisms by directly affecting their number and range of habitat

Answer 55

climate change

Question 56

ONGOING extinction event caused by humans during the Holocene epoch (the last 12,000 yrs)

Answer 56

the anthropocene

Question 57

effects of biodiversity loss

Answer 57

threats to food security, threats to energy security, unavailability of clean water, damage to social relationships

Question 58

t or f: agricultural biodiversity leads to food security

Answer 58

true

Question 59

in developing countries -> source of more than half of the energy is fuel from wood high population of developing countries -> biodiversity loss is inevitable and energy sources are threatened

Answer 59

threat to energy security

Question 60

biodiversity is comprised of genes and species that build valuable ecosystems which provide vital sources for agricultural production

Answer 60

threats to food security

Question 61

forests and watersheds are sources of clean water; when disturbed, the supply of available clean water are made uncertain

Answer 61

unavailability of clean water

Question 62

changes brought by global warming could potentially disrupt society where availability of strategic resources are disrupted

Answer 62

damage to social relationships