Bioenergetics

Question 1

Endergonic vs exergonic

Answer 1

Endergonic takes place slowly
Exergonic takes place quickly

Question 2

Positive delta G

Answer 2

Endergonic

Question 3

Negative delta G

Answer 3

Exergonic

Question 4

Rate of reaction is

Answer 4

Activation energy, NOT delta G

Question 5

Delta G biochemical conditions

Answer 5

1 M reactants
1 M products
pH= 7.0
H2O = 55.5 M
298k
1 atm pressure

Question 6

What is R

Answer 6

1.98 cal/mol
8.31 J/mol

Question 7

1 mM equals

Answer 7

10^-3 M

Question 8

Delta G for ATP to ADP

Answer 8

-7.3

Question 9

How man negative charges in ATP

Answer 9

3.5

Question 10

How many negative charges in ADP

Answer 10

2.5

Question 11

Delta G ATP to AMP

Answer 11

-10.9

Question 12

Which is more energetically favorable, ATP to ADP or ATP to AMP

Answer 12

ATP to AMP

Question 13

When do we do ATP to AMP

Answer 13

Not often because it produces more energy than needed, 15.5

Question 14

What happens when you couple an unfavorable reaction to ATP hydrolysis

Answer 14

ATP transfers phosphate to enzyme, leads to conformational change

Question 15

Equilibrium equation

Answer 15

Delta G= -RTlnKeq

Question 16

Near equilibrium equation

Answer 16

Delta =delta G + RTln [products]/[reactants]

Question 17

Delta G + proceeds if

Answer 17

Products are very low or substrates are very high

Question 18

How do you know what has a higher potential energy

Answer 18

More bonds=higher potential energy

Question 19

In fed state (glycolysis), what increases

Answer 19

G6P

Question 20

In fasted (gluneogenesis), what increases

Answer 20

G1P

Question 21

What can be used isntead of ATP

Answer 21

nucleotriphosphates

Question 22

Why don’t we used nucleotriphosphates instead of ATP

Answer 22

because it has an adenine and it looks different from guanine, cytosine
The enzymes don’t recognize it

Question 23

High energy phosphate bonds

Answer 23

1,3 biphosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate
creatinine phosphate
acetyl coa

Question 24

60% of energy from energy transfer is released in

Answer 24

heat

Question 25

Shivering thermogenesis

Answer 25

asynchronous muscle contractions increase ATP consumptions

Question 26

Brown fat non-shivering thermogenesis

Answer 26

Uncouple flow of protons across inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 27

Thyroid hormone

Answer 27

Increases permeability of membrane for Na+, lose Na+ gradient increases expression of Na+/K+ ATPase to regenerate gradient

Question 28

Two types of consumption in mitochondria

Answer 28

Coupled to ATP synthase uncoupled by protein leak

Question 29

What happens in coupled to ATP synthase reaction

Answer 29

protein synthesis Na+/K+ ATPase Ca 2+ ATPase Gluconeogenesis Urea synthesis Myosin ATPase

Question 30

Organs that use the most energy per gram of tissue

Answer 30

Kidneys, heart, brain, liver

Question 31

What happens if there's an increase in Na+ and Ca2+ in cells

Answer 31

It causes cellular swelling because of no gradient, lower pH (more acidic) Necrotic cell death

Question 32

Structure of ATP

Answer 32

3 phosphates, one adenine connected to ribose

Question 33

If keq=1

Answer 33

Delta G= 0

Question 34

If keq>1

Answer 34

Delta G<0

Question 35

If Keq<1

Answer 35

Delta G >0

Question 36

Gibbs free energy

Answer 36

G=H - TS

Question 37

What is H in gibbs free energy

Answer 37

Enthalpy, major contributor to G

Question 38

Most of mitochondrial oxygen consumption is

Answer 38

Coupled to ATP synthesis

Question 39

Small amount of mitochondrial oxygen consumption is

Answer 39

Uncoupled by proton leak