Metabolism and exam review Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What do burns cause
A
Hypercatabolic state
2
Q
how do burns affect nitrogen balance
A
Causes it to go into negative nitrogen balance
3
Q
Essential amino acids
A
Phenylaline, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, lycine
Cysteine, arginine, tyrosine
4
Q
Positive hydropathy index
A
Hydrophobic
5
Q
Negative hydropathy index
A
Hydrophilic
6
Q
What group of amino acids is hydrophobic
A
Nonpolar
7
Q
What is the a-helix breaker
A
proline
8
Q
Diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrom
A
Hypertension
Low HDL
High triglycerides
Large waistline
High fasting glucose
9
Q
HbA1c of prediabetes
A
5.7% to 6.4%
10
Q
Cachexia
A
Muscle wasting due to chronic disease
11
Q
Sarcopenia
A
Muscle is replaced with fat due to aging
12
Q
pH equation
A
pH=pka+log[A-]/[HA-]
13
Q
how many hydrogen bonds for each O
A
2
14
Q
How many hydrogen bonds for each H
A
1
15
Q
Does kwashiorkor or marasmus cause skin changes
A
Kwashiorkor
16
Q
Both marasmus and kwarshiorkor cause
A
Loss of enterocytes
Anemia
Growth failure/wasting
17
Q
Which symptoms are ONLY in kwashiorkor
A
Edema
Hair, skin changes (dermatosis)
Fatty infiltration of liver
metal changes
loss of serum albumin
18
Q
Respiratory quotient of lipids
A
0.7
19
Q
Respiratory quotient of proteins
A
0.8
20
Q
Respiratory quotient of carbs
A
1.0
21
Q
Kcal/gram protein
A
4
22
Q
What does MUAC test
A
muscle loss and calorie inadequacy
23
Q
kcal/gram carbs
A
4
24
Q
kcal/grams fats
A
9
25
kcal/grams alcohol
7
26
What percent of weight loss is required for diabetes
7%
27
How does hypercatabolic syndrome affect catabolic processes
Increases circulating catabolic hormones and inflammatory cytokines
28
How does hypercatabolic syndrome affect anabolic processes
Decreases (anabolism is building up smaller molecules into bigger ones)
29
How does hypercatabolic syndrome affect insulin
Causes resistance
30
What patients are most likely to be in hypercatabolic state
Cancer patients
31
How does hypercatabolism affect autophagy
Increases autophagy (degradation of cytoplasmic materials) which increases apoptosis and endogenous fuel
32
How does hypercatabolism affect thermogenesis
Decreases
33
The decreased anabolism in hypercatabolism causes what
insulin resistance
34
Biggest metabolic consequence of HS
Breakdown of skeletal and cardiac muscle which releases amino acids
35
Peptide bonds are from
Amides
36
What bonds change in oxidation reaction
Loss of bond to H
Gain of bond to O
37
Bonds in reduction reaction
Loss of bond to O
Gain of bond to H
38
Sedentary HAF
1.2
39
Lightly active HAF
1.375
40
DEE equation
BMR*(HAF * hours)/24
41
Where does visceral fat accumulate
Around waist (apple)
42
Where does subcutaneous fat accumulate
Lower body (pear)
43
Normal BMI range
18.5-24.9
44
Percent of carb calories
45% to 65%
45
Percent of fat calories
20-35% (10% for saturated)
46
Percent of protein calories
10-35%
47
how man g/kg of protein intake is healthy
0.8
48
How many carbons does glutamine have before the amide
2
49
How many carbons does the asparagine have before the amide
1
50
An increase in glucagon causes an increase in what enzyme
Hormone sensitive lipase
51
Low insulin levels will cause in an increase in what
B-hydroxybutyrate (ketone body)
52
Function of pancreatic lipase
Intestinal absorption of lipids
53
in the first 12 hours of fast, what process is the liver using
Glycogenolysis
54
After 12 hours of fast, what process it the liver using
Gluconeogenesis
55
vitamin K
Phylloquinone, menolloquinone
56
3 D's of pellagra
Diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis
57
What two vitamins cause macrocytic anemia
B9 and B12
58
Which vitamin is only found in animal products
B12
59
What does hyperventilation cause
Respiratory alkalosis
60
Co2 level of respiratory alkalosis
Low CO2, high pH
61
What does hypoventilation cause
Respiratory acidosis
62
CO2 level of respiratory acidosis
High CO2, low pH
63
What does cardiac arrest cause
Metabolic acidosis
64
HCO3- level in metabolic acidosis
Low HCO3-, low pH
65
HCO3- level in metabolic alkalosis
High HCO3-, high pH
66
How do you find the optimal pH of a buffering solution given the pKa
add or subtract 1
67
Branched chain amino acids
Valine, leucine, isoleucine
68
If the pH < pKa, what form will it be in
Protonated
69
If the pH>pKa, what form will it be in
Deprotonated
70
What amino acid would not be found in an alpha helix
Proline
71
Linoleic acid is what
Fatty acid
72
Hormone sensitive lipas is activated by ____ and inhibited by ____
Glucagon, insulin
73
Higher glucagon causes an ____ in hormone sensitive lipase
Increase
74
What are the 3 D's of pellagra (vitamin B3)
Diarrhea, demementia, dermatitis
75
What does it mean if pH=pKa of acid
The concentration of acid to base is 1:1
76
pKa value for amines
9
77
pKa value for carboxylic group
2-4
78
mM
10-3 M
79
nM
10-9 M
80
pM
10-12 M
81
Condensation reaction
Combines O and OH to make H2O in final product
Reversible!
82
What does a keto diet include
High fat, low carb
83
In marasmus what state is the body in
starved state
84
in kwashiorkor what state is the body in
fed/basal
85
What mineral do we need to intake because our body doesn't have storage for it
Zinc
86
zinc deficiency symptoms
hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation
87
Insulin simulated pathways
Glycogenesis: Glucose --> glycogen
Glycolysis: Glucose--> acetyl coA--> TG
Glucose --> TG (adipose)
FA --> TG (adipose)
Glucose --> Glycogen (muscle)
Glucose --> acetyl coA
88
What 3 things combine to make glucose in the fasted state
Lactate, glycerol, amino acids
89
How does lipolysis happen in fasted state
TG from adipose breaks down to FA which becomes either acetyl-coA in muscle or goes into liver
90
What is acidity of stomach
Acidic
91
What is acidity of intestine
Basic
92
Isozymes
allow cells to respond in different ways to the same hormone
93
how are a-helices formed
hydrogen bond between O of carbonyl to N of amide
94
During fasting state, what supplies muscle tissue
FA
95
When will 90% of an ionizable species be protonated (+ or 0 charge)
When pH of the solution is 1 unit higher than the pKa
96
Backbone of two peptide bonds
Ca--C--N--Ca--C--n
97
Which side chain most commonly makes covalent bonds
Sulfydryl groups (SH)
98
Ester
C and O joined by double bond O
99
Ether
O in the middle (C-O-C)
100
All vitamin Bs
Tania - Thiamin
Rowan - Riboflavin
Now - Niacin
Practicing - Pantothenic acid
Physician - pyridoxine
Because - Biotin
Father - Folic acid
Cheered - Cobalamin
101
What makes water resist temperature changes
High heat capacity: requires more heat to change it 1 degree
102
Decrease in proton conentration in muscle is caused by
Lactic acidosis
103
What treats lactic acidosis
Hyperventilation
104
What acid comes from methionin
Sulfuric acid, decreases pH
105
What causes a negative nitrogen balance
Lack of essential amino acid
106
What makes water a cell solvent
Hydrogen bond formed between water and other molecules
107
What is a heat shock protein
It can fold into it's conformation without another protein but THAT protein can only fold with the heat shock protein present.
108
What is another name for s-hydroxyhexanoic acid
s-hydroxyhexanoate
109
When will 90% of the ionizable groups be deprotonated (- charge)?
When pH is one unit lower than pKa
110
Diabetes is a leading cause of adult onset
Blindness
111
Diabetes is responsible for what major surgery
50% of non traumatic amputations
112
Cardiovascular mortality rate for diabetes is ___ fold greater than normal
2.5
113
What are macrovascular complications
heart failure, strokes, heart attacks
114
What are microvascular complications
Neuropathy, blindness, renal failure
115
Structure of hemoglobin A
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
116
Amador rearrangement
When blood sugar binds to A1C through non enzymatic linkage
It is irreversible
117
Why does HbA1C correlate to glucose levels over 2-3 months
Because that is the life span of an RBC
118
Where is HbA1c glycated
N-terminal of beta chain
119
What are the long term complications of diabetes
microvascular
120
Quality control method of measuring HbA1c
National glycohemoglobin standardization prorgam (NGSP)
121
Other methods for measuring hbA1c
High performance liquid chromatography
immunoassay
capillary electrophoresis
Borate affinity chromatography
122
What state does the patient have to be for an HbA1c test?
NOT fasted since it's a 3 month average, not a one time average
123
What is considered good control of HbA1c
Less than 7%
124
Arginine has what group
Guanidinium
125
letter code for aspartate
asp, D
126
Letter code for glutamate
glu, E
127
Histidine has an ____ ring
imidazole
128
Letter code for lysine
lys, K
129
Letter code of glutaminie
gln, Q
130
Letter code for asparagine
asn, N
131
Letter code for tryptophan
trp, W
132
What forms rigid planes
C and N of peptide bonds
133
Bohr affect
Lower pH= lower affinity for O2 in hemoglobin
Higher pH= Higher affinity for O2 in hemglobin
134
Strongest covalent bonds
C-C
C-O
135
Respiratory acidosis HCO3-
Increases (CO2 increases)
136
Respiratory alkalosis HCO3-
Decreases (CO2 decreases)
137
What are the conditionally essential amino acids
Cysteine
Arginine
Tyrosine
138
AL
Plasma cells in bone marrow
Kidney, heart, liver GI tract, nervous system
139
AA
Circulating inflammatory proteins
Kidneys, liver
140
ATTR
Mutant and wild-type protein produced in liver
Nervous system, heart, kidneys
141
Localized amyloidosis
Plasma cells in local tissues
bladder, skin, airways
142
symptoms of amyloidosis are
Vague, non specifc
143
Kidney amyloidosis
Massive amount of protein in the urine
144
What staining is used for amyloidosis
Congo red staining
145
Heart amyloidosis
Stiffened or thickened heart
146
Hepatic amyloidosis
Enlarged liver
147
Nerve amyloidosis
numbness in fingers, carpal tunnel
148
Technique in typing amyloidosis
Mass spectrometry (LMD-MS)
149
Treatments for amyloidosis
Chemotherapy (remove amyloids)
Drug therapy (stabilizes amyloidosis)
Organ transplantation
150
LPL
Converts chylomicrons to fatty acids
Less LPL=Less uptake of fatty acids
