Bioenergetics and Metabolism W2

Question 1

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 1

Flow and exchange of energy within a living system
Conversion of food into usable energy for cell work
“Chemical to Mechanical”

Question 2

What is the cell membrane (sarcolemma)?

Answer 2

Semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment

Question 3

What is the nucleus?

Answer 3

Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis

Question 4

What is the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)?

Answer 4

Fluid portion of cell
Contains organelles

Question 5

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 5

Location of oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

What is metabolism?

Answer 6

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

Question 7

What is an anabolic reaction?

Answer 7

Synthesis of molecules

Question 8

What is an catabolic reaction?

Answer 8

Breakdown of molecules

Question 9

What is an endergonic reaction?

Answer 9

It requires energy to be added to the reactants

Glycogen Formation

Question 10

What is an exergonic reaction?

Answer 10

Releases energy

ATP hydrolysis

Question 11

What is a coupled reaction?

Answer 11

Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

Question 12

What is reduction?

Answer 12

Addition of an electron

Question 13

What is oxidation?

Answer 13

Removing an electron

Question 14

What are enzymes?

Answer 14

Proteins that lower the energy of activation and accelerate chemical reaction
Increases rate of product formation

Question 15

What is a kinase?

Answer 15

Add a phosphate group

Question 16

What is a dehydrogenase?

Answer 16

Remove hydrogen atoms

Question 17

What is a oxidase?

Answer 17

Catalyse oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen

Question 18

What is a isomerase?

Answer 18

Rearrangement of the structure of molecules

Question 19

What is the anaerobic pathway?

Answer 19

Does not involve oxygen
Phosphocreatine breakdown and glycolysis

Question 20

What is the aerobic pathway?

Answer 20

Requires oxygen
Oxidative phosphorylation
Dependent on respiratory and cardiovascular systems to deliver adequate O2

Question 21

What is glycogen phosphorylated by in glycolysis?

Answer 21

Inorganic phosphate

Question 22

What is needed for chemical reactions in glycolysis to continue?

Answer 22

Adequate amounts of NAD+ must be available to accept H+

Question 23

How is NAD+ rapidly reformed from NADH?
(2 ways)

Answer 23

1) Sufficient O2= H+ can be shuttled into mitochondria for ATP generation (aerobic)

2) Absence of O2= Pyruvate accepts hydrogens to from lactate (anaerobic) (lactate dehydrogenase)

Question 24

What does the citric acid cycle do?

Answer 24

Completes oxidation of acetyl-CoA to provide electrons for the electron transport chain

Question 25

What does the electron transport chain do?

Answer 25

Energy obtained from electron transport is used to produce ATP at the end of the electron transport chain

Question 26

What are rate limiting enzymes?

Answer 26

1) Are found early in a metabolic pathway 2) Activity is regulated by modulators

Question 27

What is the resting O2 consumption?

Answer 27

0.25 L.min

Question 28

What is oxygen deficit?

Answer 28

Discrepancy between initial demand/ ATP production and oxygen consumption

Question 29

Why do endurance trained individuals have a lower O2 deficit than untrained?

Answer 29

They have developed bioenergetic capacity They have increased mitochondrial volume in muscle fibres

Question 30

What does greater aerobic bioenergetic capacity do?

Answer 30

It has greater regional bloody flow to active muscle It has increased cellular adaptation and efficiency

Question 31

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

Answer 31

Energy cannot be created or destroyed,, only transformed from 1 form to another

Question 32

What is the rate limiting-enzyme of the ATP-PC system?

Answer 32

Creatine kinase

Question 32

What is the rate limiting-enzyme of glycolysis?

Answer 32

Phosphofructokinase

Question 33

What is the rate limiting-enzyme of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 33

Isocitrate dehyrdrogenase

Question 34

What is the rate limiting-enzyme of the electron transport chain?

Answer 34

Cytochrome oxidase

Question 35

What inhibits the ATP-PC system?

Answer 35

ATP

Question 36

What inhibits glycolysis?

Answer 36

ATP CP Citrate pH

Question 37

What inhibits the citric acid cycle?

Answer 37

ATP NADH

Question 38

What inhibits the electron transport chain?

Answer 38

ATP

Question 39

What is EPOC?

Answer 39

Excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) Reflects that only around 20% elevated O2 consumption used to repay O2 deficit

Question 40

What is magnitude and duration of EPOC influenced by?

Answer 40

The intensity of exercise

Question 41

What does the rapid portion of EPOC cause?

Answer 41

Re-synthesis of stored in muscle (completely recovered in 60-120s) Replenishing muscle (myoglobin) and blood (hemoglobin) O2 stores

Question 42

What does the slow portion of EPOC cause?

Answer 42

Elevated heart rate and breathing increase O2 demand Elevated body temperature= increased metabolic rate Elevated blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine= increases metabolic rate Conversion of lactic acid to glucose

Question 43

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 43

The biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbon products