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Exercise Physiology > CNS- Structure and Function W3 > Flashcards

CNS- Structure and Function W3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Control of the internal environment
Voluntary control of movement
Spinal cord reflexes
Assimilation of experiences necessary for memory and learning

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2
Q

What does control of the internal environment involve?

A

Perceiving and responding to events in the interval/external environment

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3
Q

Where is the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Where is the PNS?

A

Neurons outside the CNS

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5
Q

What is the sensory division?

A

Afferent fibres which transmit impulses from receptors to CNS

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6
Q

What is the motor division?

A

Efferent fibres transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs

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7
Q

What is the somatic sensory?

A

Sensor input that is consciously perceived from receptors (eyes, ears and skin)

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8
Q

What is the visceral sensory?

A

Sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors of blood vessels and internal organs (heart)

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9
Q

What is the somatic motor?

A

Motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; effector is skeletal muscle

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10
Q

What is the autonomic motor?

A

Motor output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled

Effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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11
Q

What part of the nervous system is input?

A

Sensory Nervous System
Somatic Sensory
Visceral Sensory

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12
Q

What part of the nervous system is output?

A

Motor Nervous System
Somatic Motor
Autonomic Motor

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13
Q

What is the sensory nervous system?

A

Detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS

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14
Q

What is the motor nervous system?

A

Initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors

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15
Q

What is an axon?

A

Carries electrical message (action potentials) away from cell body
Covered by Schwann cells

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16
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Form discontinuous myelin sheath along length of axon

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17
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Contact points between axon of one neuron and dendrite of another neuron

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18
Q

What causes a greater speed of neural transmission?

A

Increase in the diameter of an axon
Increase in myelin sheath

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19
Q

What type of tissue are neurons?

A

Excitable tissue

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20
Q

What is magnitude of rest potential determined by?

A

Permeability of plasma membrane to ions

Difference in ion concentrations across membranes (Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca+2)

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21
Q

What is the negative charge of a cell at rest (polarised)?

A

-5 to -100mv
-40 to -75mv in neurons

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22
Q

How is the exchange of sodium and potassium across cell membranes maintained?

A

Maintained by sodium-potassium pump

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23
Q

What does the Na+/K+ pump do during the exchange of sodium and potassium across cell membrane?

A

Moves 2 K+ in and 3 Na+ out
Potassium tends to diffuse out of the cell

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24
Q

What is the all-or-none law for action potentials?

A

Once a nerve impulse is initiated, it will travel the length of the neuron

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25
What is repolarisation in action potentials?
Returns to resting membrane potential - K+ leaves the cell rapidly - Na+ channels close
26
What is an action potential?
Occurs when a stimulus of a sufficient strength depolarises the cell
27
What does an action potential do?
Opens Na+ channels, and Na+ diffuses into the cell Causes the inside of the cell to become more positive
28
What is a neurotransmitter?
Chemical messenger from presynaptic membrane
29
What does a neurotransmitter bind too?
A receptor on postsynaptic memrbane
30
What does a neurotransmitter cause?
Depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
31
What are the 2 types of neurotransmitter?
Excitatory (EPSP) Inhibitory (IPSP)
32
How can EPSPs promote neural depolarization?
1) Temporal summation 2) Spatial summation
33
What is temporal summation (EPSP)?
Rapid, repetitive excitation from a single excitatory presynaptic neuron
34
What is spatial summation (EPSP)?
Summing EPSPs from several different presynaptic neurons
35
What does EPSP stand for?
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
36
What does IPSP stand for?
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
37
What does IPSP cause?
Hyperpolarization
38
What is hyperpolarization?
More negative resting membrane potential
39
By having neurons with a more negative membrane potential, what does this cause?
Resistance to depolarization
40
What happens when neurons moves towards the threshold?
EPSP> IPSP
41
What are muscle proprioceptors (mechanoreceptors)?
Muscle spindles Golgi Tendon organs
42
What are joint proprioceptors?
Free nerve endings Golgi type receptors Pacinian corpuscles
43
What are free nerve endings?
Most abundant Touch, pressure
44
What are Golgi type receptors?
Found in joint ligaments
45
What are Pacinian corpuscles?
Tissues around joints/skin
46
What is proprioception?
Sense of the body’s position in space based on specialised receptors that reside in the muscles, tendons and joint
47
What are proprioceptors?
Sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length and muscle tension, which is integrated to give information about the position of the limb in space
48
What are muscle spindles?
Responds to changes in muscle length
49
What do muscle spindles consist off?
Intrafusal fibres Gamma motor neurons
50
What are intrafusal fibres?
Run parallel to normal muscle fibres (extrafusal fibres)
51
What are gamma motor neurons?
Stimulate intrafusal fibres to contact with extrafusal fibres (by alpha motor neuron)
52
What is a stretch reflex?
Stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction
53
How does a muscle spindle work?
1) Detect stretch of the muscle 2) Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord 3) Sensory neurons synapse with alpha motor neurons 4) Stimulation of the alpha motor neurons causes the muscle to contract and resist being stretched
54
What is the function of a muscle spindle?
Assist in the regulation of movement Maintain posture
55
What does a Golgi Tendon Organ do?
Monitor force development in muscle by preventing muscle damage during excessive force generation
56
What does stimulation of Golgi Tendon Organ do?
Reflex relaxion of the muscle
57
How do reflex relaxation of muscle via Golgi Tendon Organ occur?
Inhibitory neurons send IPSPs to muscle alpha motor neurons
58
What may ability to voluntarily oppose GTO inhibition be related too?
Gains in strength with training due to increased tendon stiffness
59
How does a Golgi Tendon Organ work?
1) Detect tension applied to a tendon 2) Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord 3) Sensory neurons synapse with inhibitor interneurons that synapse with alpha motor neurons 4) Inhibition of the alpha motor neurons causes muscle relaxation, relieving the tension applied to the tendon
60
What do muscle chemoreceptors do?
Inform CNS about metabolic rate of muscular activity
61
Where are motor neurons are located?
Spinal cord
62
What are motor neurons responsible for?
Carrying neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles
63
What are motor units?
Motor neurons and all the muscle fibres which it innervates
64
What is innervation ratio?
Number of muscle fibres innervated by a single motor neuron
65
How does motor control influence innveration ratio?
Low ratio in muscles involved in fine motor control Higher ratio in muscles that do not require fine motor control
66
What are the different types of motor units?
Type S (slow) or type 1 fibres (SMALLEST) Type FR (fast, fatigue resistant) or type IIa fibres (INTERMEDIATE) Type FF (fast, fatigable) or type IIx fibres (LARGEST)
67
What are 3 key components of the brain?
Cerebrum or cerebral cortex Cerebellum Brainstem
68
What does the cerebrum or cerebral cortex do?
Organization of complex movement Storage of learned experiences Reception of sensory information
69
What does the cerebellum do?
Implicated in control of movement and integration of sensory information
70
What does the brainstem do?
Role in cardiorespiratory function, locomotion, muscle tone, posture, receiving information from special senses
71
What makes up the brainstem?
Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Medulla Oblongata Pons
72
What does the midbrain do?
Connects the pons and cerebral hemispheres Functions include - Controlling responses to sight - Eye movement - Pupil dilation - Body movement - Hearing
73
What does the medulla oblongata do?
Involved in control of autonomic function, relaying signals between the brain and spinal cord and coordination of body movements
74
What does the Pons do?
Involved in sleep and the control of autonomic function Relays sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum
75
What ae the 3 neurons in the spinal cord?
Motor neurons Sensory neurons Interneurons
76
What is spinal tuning?
Intrinsic neural networks within spinal cord that refine voluntary movement after receiving messages from higher brain centres
77
What is withdrawal reflex?
Occurs via a reflex arc, whereby a reflex contraction of skeletal muscles can occur in response to sensor input and is not dependent on the activation of higher brain centres Means of removing a limb from a source of pain
78
When controlling voluntary movement, what does the spinal mechanisms do?
Results in refinement of motor control
79
When controlling voluntary movement, what does feedback from proprioceptors do?
Allows for further modification in motor control
79
When controlling voluntary movement, what does the motor cortex do?
Receives inputs from variety of brain areas including basal nuclei, cerebellum, thalamus

Exercise Physiology (24 decks)

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