Effects of Training Part 2 W9

Question 1

What do training-induced improvements in homeostatic processes result in?

Answer 1

Rapid transition from rest to steady state
Reduced reliance on limited liver and muscle glycogen scores

Question 2

What are the adaptions of muscle fibres that assist in maintaining homeostasis following endurance exercise?

Answer 2

1) Shift in muscle fibre type (fast-to-slow) and increased number of capillaries
2) Increased mitochondrial volume
3) Training-induced changes in fuel utilization
4) Increased antioxidant capacity
5) Improved acid-base regulation

Question 3

What is the magnitude of fibre type change determined by?

Answer 3

Duration of training
Type of training
Genetics

Question 4

How does the shift form fast-to-slow muscle fibre type happen?

Answer 4

There is an increase in slow myosin isoform, which have lower myosin ATPase activity but better efficiency

Question 5

What does increased number of capillaries surrounding muscle fibres lead to?

Answer 5

Enhanced diffusion of oxygen
Improved removal of wastes

Question 6

What is mitophagy?

Answer 6

Breakdown of damaged mitochondria

Question 7

What is mitochondrial turnover?

Answer 7

Breakdown of damaged mitochondria and replacement with healthy mitochondria

Question 8

What is the significance of mitochondrial volume?

Answer 8

Greater capacity for oxidative phosphorylation

Decreases cytosolic (ADP) due to increased ADP transporters in mitochondrial membrane

Question 9

What does decreased cytosolic (ADP) due to increased ADP transporters in mitochondrial membrane result in?

Answer 9

Less lactate and H+ formation
Less PC depletion

Question 10

What does increases in the number of ADP transporters in mitochondrial membranes lead to?

Answer 10

Faster ADP uptake into mitochondria and lower cytosolic (ADP)

Question 11

What do radicals promote?

Answer 11

Oxidative damage and muscle fatigue

Question 12

What do free radicals interfere with?

Answer 12

Actin0myosin cross-bridge formation

Question 13

What do increased endogenous anti-oxidant enzymes do?

Answer 13

Improves the fibres ability to remove radicals

Protects against exercise-induced oxidative damage and muscle fatigue

Question 14

What are the acid-base adaptations to endurance training?

Answer 14

Increased mitochondrial number
Increased NADH shuttles (via ETC)
Change in LDH isoform

Question 15

What activates gene transcription?

Answer 15

Exercise stress

Question 16

When do mRNA typically peak?

Answer 16

4 to 8 hours and then returns to baseline within 24 hours

Question 17

What are primary signals of intracellular signalling in resistance training?

Answer 17

Mechanical stretch (resistance training)

Question 18

What are primary signals of intracellular signalling in endurance training?

Answer 18

Calcium
AMP/ATP
Free radicals

Question 19

What are secondary messengers in skeletal muscle?

Answer 19

AMPK
Mitogen-activated kinase
PGC-1a
CaMK
Calcineurin
NFxB
mTOR