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Bioglogy > Bioenergetics- Paper 1 > Flashcards

Bioenergetics- Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a potometer?

A

A potometer is a special piece of apparatus used to measure the water uptake by a plant.

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2
Q

Environmental factors to be investigated- phototropism? 4
airflow, humidity, light intensity, temperature

A

• Airflow: Set up a fan or hairdryer
• Humidity: Spray water in a plastic bag and wrap around the plant
• Light intensity: Change the distance of a light source from the plant
• Temperature: Temperature of room (cold room or warm room)

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3
Q

Photosynthesis, word, and symbol equation?

A

Carbon dioxide+ water-> glucose+ oxygen
6co2+ 6H2o-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

Where photosynthesis takes place?

A

-claw past contains chlorophyll, absorbs light
-Light environment-> chloroplast

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5
Q

Is photosynthesis, endothermic or exothermic?

A

Endo thermic
-energy to the environment

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6
Q

Fiveways glucoses is used in plants?

A
  1. Respiration= transfer energy from glucose enables plants to convert the rest of the glucose into various useful substances.
  2. Cellouse= glucose converted to Celsius, making a strong plant cell walls.
  3. Amino acids= glucose and nitric ions
  4. Oils and fats.= glucose turned into lipids for storing seeds.
  5. Starch= glucose. Turn starch in roots stems leaves ready for use in photosynthesis were not happening in winter starches insoluble better storing Bing glucose soluble, drawing loads of water and then swell up
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7
Q

Limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Light, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature
-Depending on environmental conditions

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8
Q

How to investigate the effect of exercise? 5 points

A

1)take Puls= sitting down for five minutes
2)gently walking for five minutes.
3)Jogging for five minutes
4)running for five minutes
5)plot a bar chart.

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9
Q

Affects of exercise?

A

-breathing rate, counting breaths
-Heart rate, taking pulse two fingers on your rist

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10
Q

Results of exercise?

A

-The pulse rate increases as the more intense exercise, more oxygen to muscles needed to take carbon dioxide away from the muscles
-Reduce the effect of any random errors, doing a group plot, an average pulse rate for the exercise

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11
Q

Photosynthesis Rate experiment (4)?

A

1)Place a piece of pondweed into a beaker of water in a boiling tube with a thermometer
2)Use a light a set distance from the plant
3)Record the number of bubbles observed in 2 minutes
4)Repeat steps for different distances using a ruler

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12
Q

Aerobic respiration?

A

-Oxygen most efficient happens, all the time occurs in the mitochondria

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13
Q

Aerobic respiration word + symbol equation?

A

Glucose+ oxygen= carbon dioxide+ water
C6H12O6+ 6O2= 6Co2+ 6H2o

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14
Q

When anaerobic respiration, and why?

A

-vigourous, exercise body can’t supply enough oxygen to the muscles= anaerobic
-Without oxygen in complete breakdown of glucose=lactic acid

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15
Q

anaerobic respiration equation?

A

Glucose-> lactic acid

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16
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration not transfer as much energy?

A

Glucose isn’t fully oxidised doesn’t combine with oxygen
-Only useful in emergencies

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17
Q

anaerobic in plants and yeast different how?

A

-Camry spider without oxygen, they produce ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acid

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18
Q

Where equation for fermentation?

A

-glucose-> ethanol + co2

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19
Q

What is it called in yeast cells?

A

Fermentation

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20
Q

Where is fermentation used?

A

-food and drink industry= bread, and alcoholic drinks
-bread= co2 from it to makes bread rise
-Beer and wine= alcohol (ethanol)

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21
Q

What is respiration?

A

Many reactions transfer energy to sells needed to do everything
-Process of transferring energy from breakdown of glucose, which goes into every sale, all living things respire

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22
Q

Is respiration, endothermic or exothermic?

A

Exothermic
transfers energy to the environment

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23
Q

How do organisms use energy transferred by respiration?

A
  1. Build up larger molecules from smaller ones
  2. muscles to contract they can move about.
    3.keep body temperature steady in colder surroundings.
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24
Q

What is metabolism?

A

-Some of all reactions happen in a cell or body

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25
Q

Reactions larger molecules are made from smaller ones. 2 Example?

A
  1. glucose molecules=starch, glycogen cellulose
  2. Glucose and nitrate ions.= amino acids= proteins
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26
Q

Reactions of large molecules, broken down into smaller molecules?

A
  1. Glucose broken down by respiration transfers energy reactions body make molecules.
  2. exccess proteins broken down in reaction.= urea= excreted urine
27
Q

What happens with respiration and every transfer when exercising? 3

A
  1. Muscles energy respiration contract muscles contract frequently exercising =more energy.
  2. Increases respiration. cells.= more oxygen into them.
  3. Breathing rate and breathing volume increases. more oxygen blood heart rate increases gets oxygenated blood body faster and remove carbon dioxide quickly
28
Q

What happens with vigourous exercise? 3

A
  1. Body can’t supply oxygen to muscles quickly enough.= anaerobic respiration
  2. Lactic acid buildup in the muscles.= pain
  3. Long periods.= muscle fatigue muscles tired stop contracting efficiently
29
Q

What is oxygen debit and when?

A
  1. After anaerobic respiration the amount of extra oxygen body needs to react the built-up lactic acid to move from the cells
  2. Oxygen-> lactic acid.-> carbon dioxide and water
  3. Breathing hard for awhile to get more oxygen in blood.-> muscle cells
  4. Pulse , breathing rate increases high levels of lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
30
Q

One other way of getting rid of lactic acid?

A

Blood enters the muscles and transports lactic acid to liver to be converted back into glucose

31
Q

What environmental conditions affect the limiting factor?

A
  1. Night= light is the limiting factor.
  2. Winter= temperature
  3. Warm and bright= carbon dark side is a limiting factor
  4. Chlorophyll.= limiting factor of photosynth
32
Q

How is the amount of chlorophyll affected?

A

. Diseases and environmental stress, and lack of nutrients.= claw, passes, damaged or not to make a enough
. Rate of photosynthesis decreases can’t absorb much light

33
Q

How does light affect photosynthesis?

A

-light= energy for photosynthesis
-Light increases only in certain points
-You can change by moving the light source closer

34
Q

Carbon dioxide affect photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide increases the point after other limiting factors

35
Q

Temperature affecting photosynthesis?

A

-too low the enzymes needed for photosynthesis, work slowly
-Too hot enzymes, damaged and denatured
-Happens about 45c

36
Q

Humidity?

A

-Dryer the air around the leaf=higher the transpiration rate
-humid= lots of water in the air, not much difference of concentration from inside and outside. Diffusion rate is faster.= a higher concentration-> lower concentration

37
Q

Guard cells adapted to opening close stomata? 2 adoptions, 2 shapes and responses to the environment

A
  1. Kidney shapes, open and close stomata plant absorbs a lot of water through the guard cells=turgid (plump)
    -opens and closes for gas exchange for photosynthesis
  2. Plant short water, gaurdcell lose water.= flaccid= stomata= close health, stop too much water vapour from escaping

Adaptions=
1-thin, outer layer, thickened in inner walls make opening closing work
2-Sensitive light close at night to save water
3-more stomata underside= shaded= less water lost

38
Q

How do you adapt oxygen production, practical measure affect for CO2?

A

-Test tube of pondweeds put water bath at the same temperature
-measured amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate dissolved water to give off. CO2 -repeated with different concentrations of sodium hydrogen carbonate

39
Q

Inverse square law between light, intensity, and distance?

A

-light intensity, decreases in proportion to the square of the distance
Light intensity= 1/distance, squared

40
Q

How to artificially created the ideal environment?

A

Greenhouse

41
Q

How do you greenhouses work?

A
  1. Trap the suns heat= temperature doesn’t become a limiting factor
  2. Heater or shades ventilation, an artificial light.
  3. Carbon dioxide using a paraffin heater makes carbon dioxide
  4. Stops pests and diseases=fertilisers, adding to soil all the minerals.

ADV.
-conditions are the right parts, allowing the plant to grow faster and harvested more often

CON
-A lot of money
-Supply the right amount factors not more=money wasted

42
Q

Why do plants need nitrates?

A

-need to make proteins and growth
Lack= stunted growth

43
Q

Why do plants need magnesium ions?

A

-needed to make chlorophyll photosynthesis
Lack= chlorisis + yellow leaves

44
Q

What are aphids?

A

-Insects that damage plants

45
Q

Five Signs that plants have diseases?

A
  1. Stunted growth.
  2. Abnormal growth.
  3. Spots on leaves.
  4. Malformed, stems and leaves
  5. patches of the decay
46
Q

How do identify diseases three ways?

A
  1. Garden manual/website.
  2. Laboratory identifying pathogen.
  3. Testing kits which is monoclonal antibodies.
47
Q

Physical defences?

A
  1. Waxy cuticle barrier stop pathogens from entering.
  2. Plant cell surrounded by cell walls made from cellulose= barrier.
  3. layer of dead cells around stem. (Bark) barrier
48
Q

Chemical defences?

A
  1. Antibacterial chemicals, kill bacteria.
  2. Poisons deter herbivores.
49
Q

Mechanical defences?

A
  1. Thorns, hairs stop being eaten/touched
  2. Leaves droop and curl something touches them, preventing them from being eating, knocking the insect off.
  3. Mimic organisms e.g. passionflower bright yellow spots on leaves. Looks like butterfly, eggs stops butterflies from lying eggs.
50
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Loss of water from a plant caused by evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant surface mostly happens on the leaves and water taken up from the soil

51
Q

Process of transpiration stream?

A

1.plant opens its stomata to let in carbon dioxide, water on the surface of the cells of the spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll evaporates and diffuses out of the leaf

52
Q

Stomata water loss?

A

Gases easily exchanged more water inside and out water escapes from the leaves through stomata by diffusion

53
Q

What are the four things that affect transpiration?

A

-Light, intensity, temperature, airflow, and humidity

54
Q

Light intensity?

A

-light increases
-Transpiration increases
(Stomata closes as it’s darker. Photosynthesis cannot happen in the dark, so very little water escapes, no need for carbon dioxide.)

55
Q

Temperature?

A

-warm increases, transpiration increases faster, more particle energy to evaporate diffuse out of the stomata

56
Q

Air flow?

A

As the movement of air increases, the concentration gradient is increased, so the rate of transpiration increases.

57
Q

Pholem and xylem structure?

A
58
Q

Give three examples of how seagulls uses energy transferred by respiration?

A

-to build up to larger molecules from smaller ones
-to allow gulls muscles to contract
-to keep gulls body temperature steady in cooler surroundings

59
Q

describe the compoments protein molecules?

A

three fatty acids and one molecule glycerol

60
Q

flask two (boiled peas) and flask three (glass peas) are controls why?

A

-boiled peas will not germinate so flask two is to show that the increase in temperature in flask 1 is due to the peas germinating
-flask 3 included to show that the temperature change is due to the presence of the peas and no other factor

61
Q

the student hypothesesd the temperature increase in flask 2 was due the respiring microgismis suggest an experiment?

A

another flask with peas that have been disinfected

62
Q

compare aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

A

1-aerobic respiration in muscle cells use oxygen whereas don’t
2-aerobic respiration in muscle cells forms carbon dioxide and water
3- anaerobic respiration forms lactic acid.
4-aerobic respiration in muscle in muscles cells transfer a lot energy
5-anaerobic respiration in muscle cells transfer a small amount of energy

63
Q

How do you set up a potometer?
How do you know if the transpiration rate is higher?
Air movement
Humidity
Light intensity
Temperature

A

1-Cut a shoot underwater=(prevent air entering xylem) and place in tube glass pipette and submerged it, submerged capillary tube
2-using Vaseline to seal any gaps attach to a clamp
3-Dry the leaves of the shoot
4-Set up a lamp 10 cm from the leaf
5-Record starting location air bubble Leave for 30 mins
8-Record end location of the air bubble
9-Change the light intensity

The further the bubble travels in the same time period, the greater the rate of transpiration

64
Q

what are the 3 errors in the transpiration experiment?

A

1-leak
Solution: ensure fits together rightly around the rubber bungs and assemble underwater=good seal
2-plant cutting has a blockage
Solution: Cut the stem underwater minimise opportunities air bubbles to enter the xylem
3-shown no change
Solution: plant cuttings as soon as they have been cut, as transpiration rates may slow down no longer fresh

Bioglogy (12 decks)

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