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Bioglogy > Infection And Response- Paper 1 > Flashcards

Infection And Response- Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular disease?

A

Term used to describe disease of the heart or blood vessels

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2
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies treat diseases? 5

A
  1. Different cells different antigens= monoclonal, antibodies, specific cells
  2. Cancer cells. Have antigens called tumour markers
  3. Anti-cancer drug attached. A monoclonal antibodies bind to tumor markers.
  4. Radioactive toxic drug stop cancer from growing and dividing.
  5. Drugs, kill cancer cells don’t kill normal body cells= antibodies can be given by drip target specific cells
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3
Q

How in lavatories and research is monoclonal antibodies used?

A
  1. Bind to hormones and other chemicals in blood. Measure the levels.
  2. Test blood sample in laboratories for certain pathogens.
  3. Locate sPacific molecules on the cells or tissues.
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4
Q

What is process of monoclonal antibodies in labs?

A
  1. First monoclonal antibodies bind to sPacific. Molecules looking for.
  2. Antibodies bound to fluorescent dye.
  3. If present, monoclonal antibodies attach to it detect using dye
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5
Q

3 Advantages and 2 disadvantages to monoclonal antibodies?

A

Advantages
. Don’t affect body cells.
. Target sPacific cells
. effects lower than other cancer treatments.

Disadvantages
. Cause some side effects
. Not widely used as a treatment.

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6
Q

Monoclonal antibodies process in pregnancy tests?

A
  1. person urine sample. pregnant, contain hCG.
  2. Reaction Site. hCG is present, bind to free antibody, has enzyme attached to it.
  3. Test Site. hCG bound to the free antibody (dye enzyme) enters the test site. bind fixed antibody using the hCG.
    4.enzyme close to a dye substrate – a reaction occurs, causing a colour change.
    5.Control site. fixed antibody in the control site. bind to any free antibody (not bound hCG), colour change here.

=not pregnant, binds to the fixed antibody in the control site, causing colour change
=pregnant, the hCG-free antibody test site, colour change free antibody will still pass to the control site, two stripes.

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7
Q

Conary heart disease?

A

Conary artery supply blood to the muscles of the heart they get blocked by, fatty materials that buildup arteries= a narrow blood flow, restricted= lack of oxygen to the heart muscle= heart attack

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8
Q

Stents?

A

Tubes inserted into arteries keep them open so blood can pass through to heart muscles

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9
Q

Stents Advantages and disadvantages? 3 advantages and 3 disadvantgs

A

Advantages
. Lower risk heart attack.
. Longtime effective.
. Recovery time quick

Disadvantages
. Complications operation.
. Infections from surgery
. Risk of patients developing blood clot.

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10
Q

Cholesterol?

A

. Essential lipid body produces to function properly, however, too much bad cholesterol= health problems
. Causes fatty deposits form inside arteries. Conary heart disease.

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11
Q

Statins?

A

Drugs reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream. This slows down the rate of fatty acids depositing.

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12
Q

Statins, 2 advantages and 3 disadvantages?

A

Advantages
-Reduce risk of strokes, heart attack, bad cholesterol.
-Increases amount of beneficial cholesterol reduce bad cholesterol.

Disadvantages
-Long-term drugs taken regularly-forget
-Negative side effects
-Effect is an instant and takes time.

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13
Q

Five risk factors that directly cause disease?

A
  1. Smoking.= lung diseases and cancer. (Damages walls of arteries the cells in the lining of the lungs.)
  2. Obesity= type two diabetes. (Make body less sensitive and resistant to insulin cannot control glucose in blood.)
  3. Alcohol= liver disease, and brain function. (Damage nerve cells in brain lose volume)
  4. Smoking and pregnant and alcohol= health problems, unborn, baby
  5. Cancer= causes by exposed to radiation and substances, carcinogens and ionising radiation
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14
Q

Risk factor correlations?

A

Doesn’t always cause, it just increases other aspects, e.g. high blood pressure

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15
Q

Affects of noncommunicable diseases?

A
  1. Lower quality of life and shorter lifespan.
  2. Financial cost, researching and treating diseases.
  3. Families move and adapt homes= costs
  4. Lack of work or dies, family income reduced
  5. Economy
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16
Q

Tumor?

A

Uncontrolled growth and division results in a changes occurring to sales result in the formation of tumour and muss cells

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17
Q

Begin tumour properties? 4

A

. grow till no more room.
. Stays in one place.
. Don’t invade other issues.
. Not dangerous/cancerous.

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18
Q

Malignant 4 properties?

A

1)Cells break off, spread to other parts of the body travelling by the bloodstream.
2)From secondary tumours.
3)Invades, healthy, cells and tissues.
4)Damages, fatal, cancerous.

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19
Q

Cancer risk factors?

A
  1. Smoking.= lung, mouth and bowel stomach
  2. Obesity= bowel, liver, kidney
    3.UV exposure= skin
  3. Virus infection= increases chances of getting other viruses depends on lifestyles
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20
Q

Risk factors for genetics?

A

Inherit 40 jeans for more susceptiable a cancer mutations in genes

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21
Q

Epidermal tissue?

A

Covers the whole plan

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22
Q

Palisade mesophyll function?

A

-photosynthesis

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23
Q

Spongey mesophyll?

A

Big airspaces allows gases to diffuse in and out of cells

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24
Q

Xylem and phloem?

A

Transport, water and minerals, ions and food around the plant

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25
Q

Meristem tissue?

A

Found growing in the tips of shoots and roots, able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cells

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26
Q

Label the plant diagram?

A
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27
Q

How do you plan to create drugs?

A

-Variety of chemicals to defend against pests and pathogens
-Can be used as drugs to treat human diseases or systems
-e.g aspirin a painkiller from Willow
-Details for heart conditions from foxgloves

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28
Q

How do you microorganisms create drugs?

A

1.Alexander Fleming cleaning out petri dishes containing bacterium
2. One does have mould an area of mould free of bacteria.
3. Mould is penicillin on a petri dish was producing a substance that killed bacteria.

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29
Q

Preclinical?

A
  1. drug tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
  2. On live animals, multiple body systems testing efficiency (whether it works) toxicity, dosage
30
Q

Clinical trials? 3

A

-human volunteers
1. Healthy, volunteers, with no harmful side effects on healthy body, very low dosages, which increases
2. People suffering illnesses, optimum dose found most effective, few side effects.
3. One group with the real drug and one placebo group see actual difference.
-Blind= patient does not know which
-double blind= doctor, patient don’t know

31
Q

Pros and cons of vaccination?

A

Pro:
-vaccines control, communicable diseases
-Big outbreaks of diseases are prevented
-spreads left often

Con:
-Don’t always work
-Bad reaction to it
-Don’t always given immunity

32
Q

Painkiller?

A

Drugs that relieve pain and symptoms, but doesn’t kill the pathogen

33
Q

1)What do Antibiotics do?
2)Do antibiotics work on viruses?

A

1)prevent the growth of bacteria without killing the body cells different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria
2) do not kill different viruses. Viruses reproduce, using body cells
-difficult develop drugs that just destroyed viruses without the body cells.

34
Q

How does antibiotic resistance work?
Two ways you can prevent antibiotic resistantnce?

A
  1. Mutation= more resistant to antibiotics.
  2. treat non resistant strains are killed.
  3. Individual resistant bacteria, survive and reproduce population increases.
  4. serious infections can’t treated antibiotics

Slowdown development resistant strains:. 1.Don’t oversubscribed antibiotics
2.Must finish whole course of antibiotics, not when you feel better.

35
Q

Immune system attacks pathogens?
What does it mean to be naturally immune?

A
  1. white blood cells, travel in the blood= phagocytes, engulf foreign cells and digest
    Lymphocytes produce antibodies.
  2. Pathogens antigens surface.
  3. White blood cells seen foreign , antigen and produce proteins. antibodies lock onto destroyed antibodies specific to antigen.
  4. Antibodies produced rapidly body find similar bacteria viruses.
  5. Producing antitoxins, counteract toxin is produced by invading bacteria.

Person is infected again same pathogen of the white blood cell is rapidly produced antibodies to kill it and naturally immune

36
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  1. Inject small amounts of dead, inactive pathogens in Cary antigens the body produces antibodies to attack them
  2. Live pathogen, comes back and white blood cells rapidly produce antibodies to kill of the pathogen, which are memory cells.
37
Q

Salmonella?
Pathogen, spread, systomps, treatment

A
  1. Bacteria.
    -Spread: food, contaminated, unhygienic, conditions, and uncooked
    -Symptoms: fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea, caused by bacterial toxins in food poisoning
    -Treatment: vaccinations of chickens for salmonella and clean conditions cooking
38
Q

Gonorrhoea?
Pathogen, spread, systomps, treatment

A
  1. Bacteria. (STD)
    -Spread by sexual contact
    -Symptoms= pain, urinating, green, yellow discharge from privates
    -Treatment= antibiotic only given one type, barrier methods
39
Q

4 Prevention of spread of diseases?

A
  1. Hygienic.= wash, hands, preparing food or after sneezing.
  2. Destroying vectors= spread less to prevent passed on insecticides, or destroying habitats no longer breed.
  3. Isolation.= prevent transmission.
  4. Vaccination= can’t develop infection and then pass it on to someone.
40
Q

5 Body defence systems?

A

1-skin= barrier, antimicrobial substance,
2-Hairs and mucus= trap them
3-Trachea and bronchi= secrete mucus trap pathogens
4- cilla (Trachea bronchi)= wafts mucus back of the throat and swallowed
5-Stomach= Hydraulic acid= kill, pathogens, make far in mouth

41
Q

Measles?
Pathogen, spread, systomps, treatment

A
  1. Viral disease.
    -Spread= droplets from infected person, sneeze, or cough
    -Symptoms= red skin, rash and fever
    - fatal and complications
    -Vaccinations, no cure
42
Q

HIV?
Pathogen, spread, systomps, treatment

A
  1. Virus.
    -Spread= sexual contact, bodily fluids, needles and syringes
    -Symptoms= flu symptoms
    -Treatment= antiretroviral drugs stops the replication of the virus
    = fires attacks, immune cells, and the immune system is damage and can’t cope with other infections= aids
43
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus?
Type, prevention, spread, syptomops, treatment

A
  1. Virus.
    -Spread= direct contact and touch
    -symptoms= mosaic pattern leaves, discoloured, stunted growth
    -Treatment= burn infected plant, cut infected leaves
    -prevented: Good field hygiene and pest control, growing TMV-resistant strains.
44
Q

Rose black spot?
Type, prevention, spread, syptomops, treatment

A

1.Fungus
-spread= water and wind
-Symptoms= purple and black spots, discolouration and stunted growth
-Treatment= fungicides, strip infected leaves
-prevented: By using fungicides or stripping the plant of affected leaves (have to be burnt), ressitant strains

45
Q

Malaria?
Type, prevention, spread, syptomops, treatment

A

1.Protist
2. Prevention= insecticides, mosquito nets
3. Spread= mosquito vector, and feed on infected animal, and then the protests is injected into the human blood stream
4. Symptoms.= fever and shaking

46
Q

Pathogen?

A

-Micro organisms into the body and cause diseases, communicable diseases, plants and animals are infected

47
Q

Bacteria?

A

-Very small cell which reproduce rapidly inside your body produce toxins, which will damage cell tissue

48
Q

How do Viruses make you feel unwell?

A

1-reproduce rapidly inside your body
2-Live inside cells and replicate themselves using cell structures to produce copies of themselves= cell bursts= releasing new viruses
3-Cell damage makes you ill

49
Q

Protists?

A

. Single celled eukaryotics
-Some parasites live on or inside of organisms, causing them damage
-Transferred to the organism by vector, which don’t get diseased itself

50
Q

Fungi?

A

-Single celled
-hyphae=threadlike structures
-hyphae row and pantry, human skin and surface of plants, causing diseases
-hyphae Produce spores and spread

51
Q

Pathogens 3 transmitIon?

A

1.Water= dirty, water and contaminated
2.Air= breathed in- airborne pathogen are carried air droplets produced cough
3.Direct contact= touching contaminated surfaces

52
Q

Health?

A

State of physical and mental well-being

53
Q

Diseases, communicable and noncommunicable?

A

. Ill-health communicable spread by person-to-person, an animals, bacteria and viruses, parasites and fungi.
. Noncommunicable diseases cannot be spread by animals or people last a long time and so only get worse. E.g asthma

54
Q

Four. Different types of diseases, an impact?

A
  1. Immune system is low= higher chance of suffering from communicable diseases and defending
  2. Cancer types= triggered by infection by viruses.
  3. Immune system reaction.= caused by infection, is pathogen, trigger, allergic reactions or worsen symptoms.
  4. Mental health triggered by health problems impact every day activities.
55
Q

Other factors affecting health?

A

-balance diet
-Stress constant
-Life situations= access to medicine, healthy foods condoms, and prevent transmission

56
Q

Risk factors?

A

-increases the likelihood of a person developing certain diseases in a lifetime
-Aspects of lifestyle, exercise, environmental substances body symptoms, it says that a buildup locally and nationally and globally
-Noncommunicable diseases caused by this factors, interacting

57
Q

Why double blind trials?

A

-Doctors, monitoring and analysing, I’m not subconsciously influenced

58
Q

What is the placebo and what is it affect?

A

Placebo= a substance, that’s like a drug that doesn’t do anything
Placebo affect= expects treatment to work and so feels better, but treatment didn’t do anything

59
Q

Peer reviewing results?

A

After trolls you peer review to prevent false claims

60
Q

What is a monoclonal antibodies?

A

-antibodies produced by B. Lymphocytes
-Produced from lots of clothes, single white blood cells all antibodies identical, only target one specific antigen
-Lymphocytes, don’t divide easily

61
Q

How to make monoclonal antibodies?

A
  1. Mouse is injected with chosen, antigen
  2. B. Lymphocytes taken from mouse and fast dividing to Michelle in lab fused
  3. Makes hybridoma.
  4. Divides quickly to produce lots of clothes that produced the monoclonal antibodies.
  5. Select purified, collect antibodies produced by hybridoma
62
Q

What do monoclonal antibodies do?

A

Monochrome antibodies bind to anything you want e.g antigen only found on the surface of one type of cell
-monoclonal antibodies are really useful because they were only by to the target. This molecule means you can use target Pacific cells or chemicals in the body.

63
Q

Investigate the effect of antibiotics I’m back to your growth?

A
  1. Paper discs are soaked in different types in concentrations of antibiotics on an agar plate that has even covourage of bacteria, leave space in between the discs
  2. The antibiotic should diffuse into agar jelly. Antibiotic resistant bacteria will continue to grow on the aggro plate around the paper, discs, nonresistant strains will die. A clear area will be left. We’re back tears died the inhibition zone.
  3. Make sure you use a control, a paper disc, not soaked in any antibiotic. Only Stillwater know the ambition zone is because of the antibiotics alone.
  4. Leave for 48 hours at 25c
  5. More effective the antibiotic is against the bacteria the larger the inhibition zone will be
64
Q

Insuring uncontaminated?

A
  1. Petri, dishes and culture, medium, must be sterilised before use heating to a high temperature to kill any unwonted micro organisms.
  2. If using insulating loop to transfer bacteria, sterilise it using by passing through a hot flame.
  3. After transferring, the bacteria delete of the petri dish should be likely taped on to stop micro organisms from the air getting in.
  4. Petri dish, stored, upsidedown, stock drops of condensation from falling on the agar surface
65
Q

How to calculate the size of the inhibition zone to compare the results?

A

-calculate the area of the inhibition zone pie r squared
-The larger= more efficient

66
Q

Finding the area of a colony?

A

-Measure the diameter, and then the area of a circle

67
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?
How can they be used?

A
  1. Stem cells found in early human embryos.
  2. Adults stem cells certain areas: bone marrow. can turn only certain ones e.g. blood cells
    =Stem cells embryos, bone marrow growth lab produce clones differentiate specialised cells to use in medicine
68
Q

Stem cells, curing diseases? 2 types

A
  1. Adult stem cells transferred from bone marrow to replace faulty blood cells.
  2. Embryonic stem cells could also be used to treat faulty cells.
69
Q

Therapeutic cloning of tissues? 1 risk

A

1-embryos could be made to have some genetic information as the patient stem cells same genes, no rejection
2-Many risks= maybe contaminated with a virus which could be passed on

70
Q

Valves mechanical and biogical pro and cons?
(2 each)

A

Advantages:
MECHANICAL VALVES
-last for a long time
-less likely to be rejected

BIOLOGICAL VALVES:
-patient does not need any medication
-no clotting

Disadvantages
MECHANICAL VALVES
-need medication blood thinners prevent blood clotting
-bad side effects-take them for the rest life

BIOLOGICAL VALVES:
-doesn’t last long/wears out quickly/rejected
-animals= ethical and reglious objections

71
Q

Heart artificial and biogical pros and cons?
(4 each- 2 pros and 2 cons)

A

Biogical:
con-long waiting list/ shortage of donors
con-could be rejected
pro-no mechanical parts which could wear out
pro-blood flows more smoothly

Artificial:
pro-less wait
pro-less chance of rejection
con-don’t work as well
con-blood clots - stroke

72
Q

How do Xylem and phloem support the leaf? 1

A

-thick cell walls help support stem and leaf

Bioglogy (12 decks)

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