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Bioglogy > Extra > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Regulation of the conditions inside the body to maintain internal environment in response to changes in external and internal conditions

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2
Q

What is the function of the nervous system in humans?

A

Allows organisms to react to their surroundings

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3
Q

What are the two main types of neurons found in humans outside the central nervous system?

A

Sensory and motor neurons

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4
Q

Why would a student calculate the mean?

A

Reduce the effect of random errors on the results

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5
Q

Investigating reaction times three variables that need to be controlled?

A

Hands of the student uses
The height of the ruler dropped
The person dropping the ruler

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6
Q

Name the type of cell that makes up most of the brain material?

A

Neurons

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7
Q

Suggest two reasons why is difficult to investigate and treat brain disorders?

A

The brain is very complex
The brain is delicate

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8
Q

What part of the eye contains Receptor cells are sensitive to light?

A

Retina

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9
Q

What happens to the iris when the pupil gets bigger?

A

Smaller and thinner

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10
Q

Explain why it is important for the changes between pupil adjustments to take place?

A

Amount of light entering can be controlled, so bright light can’t not damaged the retina

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11
Q

What happens to when you focus on the near objects?

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory, ligament slacken
Lenses fat
Lens reflects light rays, strongly

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12
Q

What happens when your focus on distant objects?

A

Ciliary muscles, relax
Suspensory ligaments pulled tight
Lenses, Finn
Lens only reflects light slightly

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13
Q

What is one risk for replacement lens surgery?

A

Retina damage, and eye infections

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14
Q

Explain how do use responses bring about change in the body temperature is the temperature becomes too high

A

Energy is transferred from the blood and skin to the environment. Blood vessels dilate Simone bloods come floor near the surface of the skin and sweat is produced.

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15
Q

Explain how the responses bring about change in the body temperature is the temperature becomes too low

A

Transfer energy from the blood on the skin to the environment is reduced by vasoconstriction unless sweating more shivering using respiration, transferring energy to the body

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16
Q

What is the function of hormones released by the master Gland?

A

The act of a glance to direct them to release of a hormones that bring about change

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17
Q

What happens to excess glucose in the blood?

A

Move to liver and muscle cells and is converted into glycogen storage

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18
Q

What causes type two diabetes?

A

Cells is no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas

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19
Q

Name two substances other than water that are lost through the skin in sweat

A

Urea and ions

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20
Q

Deamination forms part of the breakdown, process, name, the waste product of deamination?

A

Ammonia

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21
Q

Name the waste products that will move through the partially permeable membrane?

A

Urea, ions and water

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22
Q

Suggest why it is important that the dialysis fluid has the same concentration of the dissolves substances as a healthy blood

A

So useful substances won’t be lost from the persons blood

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23
Q

What two substances should be present in the dialysis fluid?

A

Glucose and water ions

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24
Q

What is the name of the gland that secretes FSH?

A

Pituary gland

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25
Q

State the two effects of FSH?

A

-egg maturity
-Stimulates ovaries produce oestrogen

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26
Q

Name, three hormonal ways to control fertility?

A

Contraceptive injection
Plastic intrauterine device
Contraceptive patch

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27
Q

Name, four nonhormonal ways to control fertility?

A

Abstinence
Condom
Diaphragm
Sterilisation

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28
Q

How is an oral contraceptive taken into the body?

A

As a tablet

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29
Q

How do you all contraceptives containing multiple hormones prevent pregnancy?

A

Hormones inhibit FSH

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30
Q

Contraceptive implant is inserted under the skin of the arm?

A

Progesterone

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31
Q

How does the woman released by the contraceptive implant prevent pregnancy?

A

Stop the release of an egg

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32
Q

What is the name given to chemicals that kills sperm?

A

Spermicide agents

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33
Q

What is the way to avoid pregnancy without using any form of contraception?

A

Avoid intercourse when the women is most fertile point of her cycle

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34
Q

What is surgical method can control fertility both men and women?

A

Sterilisation

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35
Q

It’s just one advantage of choosing contraceptive injections over a pill

A

You do not have to remember to take a pill

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36
Q

Suggest one disadvantage of choosing the contraceptive injection over the contraceptive pill

A

Injection last for months, but she can have many side-effects

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37
Q

One advantage of a barrier method?

A

No side-effects

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38
Q

Describe the effect that adrenaline has on the body

A

Heart rate boosts delivery of oxygen to the brain and muscles and also increases glucose to the brain and muscles

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39
Q

What is one advantage of phototropism?

A

Maximum light for photosynthesis

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40
Q

Explain the purpose of using my mica instead of agar?

A

Lock in the diffusion of the substance from the rest of the shape prevents growth

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41
Q

How can you use an experiment to test the auxin causes growth?

A

A group of seedlings tips, cut off and placed in agar soaked in a solution of auxin covers the shoots need for a week to see if they grow

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42
Q

Why are fruit picked before they ripe?

A

So they are not damaged in transport, and then it can be ripe, and on the way to the supermarket

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43
Q

What hormone controls cell division in plants?

A

Ethene

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44
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures that contain DNA

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45
Q

What are the function of genes?

A

Genes code for particular order of amino acids put together to make proteins

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46
Q

Why is it important to understand the human Genomone?

A

Identify jeans that are linked to different types of diseases. Do you the link to inherited diseases could help develop an affective treatment

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47
Q

The structure of DNA nucleotide?

A

A base connected to a sugar connected to a phosphate

48
Q

Explain how do you know bases in a gene code for Pacific chain of amino acids?

A

Three bases code for one Pacific amino acid the order of the bases in the gene, decides to order of amino acids in the chain

49
Q

Explain how mutations could lead to a change in the protein being synthesised?

A

Mutation changes the sequence of bases in it and codes for Pacific amino acids in a protein so could change the protein

50
Q

One possible effects of mutation that changes the shape of a structural protein

A

Lose its strength and no longer support

51
Q

What is it called when two gametes meet?

A

Fuse

52
Q

How many cell divisions are there during the process of meiosis?

A

2

53
Q

An unfavourable change affect the population of organisms, explain why sexual reproduction increases the chance of a population, surviving

A

Genetic variation is more likely that an individual in the population has genes that are better adapted some more like it’s five and breathe and pass on the genes

54
Q

What are three arguments against embryo screening?

A

Could lead to the selection of preferred characteristics
Could lead to destruction of an embryo/expensive
It’s implies that people genetic problems are undesirable= to prejudice

55
Q

Arguments for embryo screening

A

Stops people from suffering
Treating costs a lot of money so could save money for the government
Can’t select preferred characteristics as there is laws

56
Q

Explain how a mutation could lead to rapid change in a species

A

Lead to a new phenotype
Environment change new phenotype is more adapted to the environment
More common by natural selection

57
Q

What is the name of the process by which new species form?

A

Speciation

58
Q

How many years ago did the simple life forms develop?

A

More than 3 billion years ago

59
Q

Give to other sources of developing knowledge, used by Dawin?

A

-world trip
-New knowledge on fossils
-Geology

60
Q

Darwin wasn’t able to explain how new variations in phenotypes occurred. What is the exclamation has since been found for the variations.

A

New phenotypes occur because genetic variation by mutations

61
Q

Darren was also unable to explain how characteristics of passed on to offspring. How

A

Passed on in genetic from the parents

62
Q

Five factors that can cause a specie to become extinct

A

Environment changes to quickly
Catastrophic event
Can’t compete for food and water
New disease
New predator

63
Q

Suggest have a new characteristic becomes more common

A

Species variation differences in alleys and genes
More likely to survive and reproduce
Pass on genes next generation
Eventually become more common, causing them to evolve

64
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Reading organisms are genes, stay in the population?

65
Q

Why was Darwin’s theory controversial at the time?

A

Religion was popular belief on how earth developed by God
Not enough evidence

66
Q

What did Lamarck believe about the mechanism of evolution?

A

Changes to an organism against throughout its lifetime and passed on to its offspring

67
Q

Give two examples of evidence that supports the theory of evolution

A

Fossil records to see how organisms developed over time
Discovery of how bacteria are able to evolve and become resistant to antibiotics

68
Q

Suggest why puppy spread by selective breeding, almost acceptable to genetic defects

A

Selective breeding leads to a reduced number of different alleles in a population increases, the chance of inheriting a genetic defect

69
Q

Suggest why new disease might be an issue for puppies produced by selective breeding

A

Less variation
Decrease in allels chance in the population that gives disease resistance
One gets it, they will get it

70
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The transfer of a gene responsible for desired characteristic from one organism is Gino to another another

71
Q

How is genetic engineering being used to treat human diseases?

A

Bacteria engineered to produce human insulin
Sheep genetically engineered to produce drugs in their milk to treat human diseases

72
Q

What two other ways can plants genes be altered to increase it to yield?

A

Resistant to herbicides
Resistance to disease and insects

73
Q

Describe how they can use embryo transplant to produce genetically identical animals

A

Sperm cell is taken along with an egg cell with the desired characteristics
Sperm is artificially fertilise the egg cell embryo develops and splits to form clones
For any of the cells become specialised
These cloned embryos could then be implanted into lots of female animals were they could develop into identical animals

74
Q

What are the main things you should mention in animal cell cloning

A

Adult body cells
Inserted
Ball of cells
Womb

75
Q

Why are scientists unable to use the fossil record as a conclusive evidence to support or disprove on how life first began?

A

Many were soft bodies and have decayed
Destroyed during geological activity
Incomplete record

76
Q

What did Alfred Russel Wallace work on?

A

Theory of speciation
Warning, colorations

77
Q

Explain how something lead to the development of a new species

A

Geographical isolation leads to different environments, so natural selection acts differently on each population
Genetic variation occurs, which causes one to be more better adapted
More likely to survive and reproduce due to natural selection, passing on beneficial alleles
Overtime variation will create a new species

78
Q

Explain my patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics should always complete the full course

A

Ensure that all the bacteria are destroyed
None left to mutate
Develop into resistant strains

79
Q

Explain why it is difficult to develop antibiotics and keep up the emergence of new resistant strains

A

Rate of development is slow
Cost a lot of money

80
Q

Explain how antibiotic resistant strains go back to develop and spread

A

Bacteria to develop mutations
Make them better to survive and less affected by antibiotics
Back to your better able to survive and reproduce lots
Gene becomes more common
No, effective treatment so can easily spread

81
Q

Who propose the three domain system?

A

Carl woese

82
Q

What 4 organisms are found in the domain eukaryotic?

A

Fungi, plants, animals and protists

83
Q

What two pieces of information that scientist used to prepare evolutionary tree is following an extinct organisms

A

Current classification data
Fossil records

84
Q

What is the relationship called when species depend on each other?

A

Interdependence

85
Q

What is a stable community?

A

All species and environmental factors in balance, so the population size is fairly constant

86
Q

What is one abiotic factor that affects the distribution of animals in aquatic areas?

A

Oxygen level

87
Q

Name, one group of organisms that can live in deep sea vents when the temperature is a very high

A

Bacteria

88
Q

What are the three conditions extreme organisms can tolerate?

A

High pressure
High temperature
High salt concentration

89
Q

What colour would you expect Lizzy to be in a cold environment?

A

Dark

90
Q

What are the three adaption types that organisms can have?

A

Behavioural structural and functional

91
Q

How do you green plants produce biomass for the rest of the food chain?

A

Photosynthesis using sunlight produces glucose. They the news this to make biological molecules that make up a plants biomass.

92
Q

Why is it important that the quadratic replaced randomly in a field?

A

Avoid data being biased

93
Q

Suggest one advantage, and one disadvantage of place in the quadratic at spaced out intervals

A

Can complete it faster and go further
Not as accurate as some can be missed

94
Q

Why would the number of plants increase as you get further away from road?

A

Lower concentration of sulphur dioxide

95
Q

What products from animals can be recycled?

A

Leather and wool

96
Q

Why are biogas generators built underground?

A

Keep the generator temperature steady

97
Q

Describe the conditions that Gardiner should use to produce compost quickly?

A

Warm
Water and moisture
Lots of oxygen

98
Q

What happens when the pH decreases with phenolphfefeiln?

A

Pick to coloulourless

99
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

Variety of different species of organisms on Earth within an ecosystem

100
Q

Four ways that water can be polluted?

A

Sewage
Fertilise
Pesticides
Herbicides

101
Q

What two substances that plus the air when they are released into the atmosphere

A

Smoke, an acidic gases

102
Q

Give two reasons why herbicides can reduce biodiversity

A

Reduces variety by killing weeds
Kills plants and animals if washed into water

103
Q

Explain my high biodiversity create a stable ecosystem

A

All species depend on each other resources, which help maintain the right physical environment

104
Q

Explain what problem, burning Pete can cause?

A

Carbon dioxide released can increase global warning

105
Q

Explain my large-scale deforestation has been required to produce biofuels

A

Play learn to grow crops needed to produce biofuels

106
Q

What to harmful effects on the environment is caused by the destruction of trees

A

Increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because carbon dioxide is released when burning wood and decomposing of wood by microorganisms. It reduces the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed because there are few trees and there’s a decrease in Broden Vestey

107
Q

What affect does monoculture have on biodiversity?

A

Decrease is it as it wouldn’t be able to support a wide range of organisms

108
Q

What is an apex predator?

A

Carnivores with no predators

109
Q

What is the decomposes role and how do they carry out?

A

A breakdown and recycle dead matter by secreting enzymes, breaking down dead material into small soluble molecules. They take up molecules by diffusion.

110
Q

What do you do when the plan is not fully dried trying to figure out biomass

A

Where is the plant at intervals while it’s been dried and keep weighing until the masses constant

111
Q

Give two reasons why using a larger sample size could improve the students investigation?

A

More likely to representative of the whole dandelion population and makes it easier to spot anomalies

112
Q

Explain how respiration is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

A

Glucose used in respiration to provide energy then make biomass produces carbon dioxide and water as waste and has lost not passed on

113
Q

Suggest why carnivores species of fish are less efficient to farm, then plant eating fish

A

Hiya, trophic level SoMo biomass will have been lost throughout the food chain

114
Q

What conditions are needed for a fermenter?

A

Aerobic conditions

115
Q

What substance is used for the fungus to feed on?

A

Glucose

116
Q

When micro protein is removed from the fermenter, what is the next stage?

A

Purification of the product

Bioglogy (12 decks)

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