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Bioglogy > Organsiation- Paper 1 > Flashcards

Organsiation- Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a double circularity system?

A

Heart, blood vessels
1. Right, ventricle pumps, deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take oxygen blood returns to the heart.
2. Second one left ventricle pumps, oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body blood gives up its oxygen at the body cells. Deoxygenated blood means to return to be pumped out of the lungs again.

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2
Q

Heart?

A

Organ keeps blood flowing wall of heart is a muscle tissue

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3
Q

What do Valves do?

A

Blood flows in the right direction prevent backwards

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4
Q

How does the heart pump blood? 4

A
  1. Blood flows into artria from vena cava and pulmonary vien
  2. Artery contract pushing blood in ventricle
    3.ventricles contract. Forcing blood into the primary artery and aorta and out the heart.
  3. Blood flows through organs through arteries returns to the veins.
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5
Q

Tissues and 1 example?

A

-group of SIMILAR cells work together carry a specific function.
-Can include MORE than one type of cell.
Example: muscular tissue contracts and move what it attached to

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6
Q

Organ?

A

An organ is a group of different tissues work together to form a particular function
Stomach, muscular tissues, move, stomach wall in churn food

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7
Q

Organ systems and one example?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular to function
.digestive system stomach, small intestine, digested, food breakdown, absorb food

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8
Q

Organism?

A

An organ system work together to make an organism

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9
Q

Rising temperatures in body?

A

Speed up beautiful reactions and an unwanted ones damage cells from two high temperatures

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10
Q

Catalyst?

A

Search things which increases speed reaction without being changed or used up within the reaction

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11
Q

Enzyme?

A

Large proteins made up of chains of amino acids are folded into unique shapes as enzymes

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12
Q

Where are enzymes produced and used generally? 2

A

1-Used in the digestive system different enzymes
2-catalyse break down food produced by specialise cells in glands and gut lining.

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13
Q

Salivary gland?

A

Produce amylase enzyme in saliva

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14
Q

Gullet?

A

Oesophagus

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15
Q

Livers?

A

Bile produced neutralises, stomach, acid and emulsifies fat

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16
Q

Gallbladder?

A

Bile are stored before it is released into the small intestine

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17
Q

Large intestine?

A

Excess water is absorbed from the food

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18
Q

Rectum?

A

Faeces are stored-> anus

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19
Q

Small intestine?

A

Produces protease amaylse and lipase enzyme to complete digestion. Digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood.

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20
Q

Pancreases?

A

Produces protease Amyalse lipase enzymes -> releases into small intestines

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21
Q

Stomach?

A

Churns food (muscular walls) produces protease enzyme pepsin Produces hydrochloric acid
1. Kill bacteria.
2. Give the right pH for proteins to work acidic.

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22
Q

What is the Epidermal and it’s function?

A

1-Waxy cuticle
2-reduce water loss by evaporation

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23
Q

Upper epidermal function? (2)

A

-Transparent light passes through to palisade layer
-waxy cuctile prevent water loss

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24
Q

Palaside layer function? (3)

A

-are packed with many chloroplasts
-are column-shaped and arranged closely together
-towards the upper surface of the leaf

25
Q

Xylem and ploem function?

A

Water and other nutrients to the entire live takeaway glucose by photosynthesis and support structure.

26
Q

Lower epidermis function? 2

A

1-CO2 diffuses directly into leaf
2-Stomata=gas exchange,

27
Q

Guard cell function?

A

Controls stomata open close prevent water loss

28
Q

Spongy mesophyll function what is its benefit? (2)

A

-Airspaces=increase the rate of diffusion of gases
-covered thin layer of water. Gases dissolve in water as they move into and out of the cells.

29
Q

Why must digestive enzymes break down big molecules? 2

A

-Starch protein fat= big molecules can’t pass through the digestive wall system
-big to small like glucose= more soluble molecules pass through walls, absorbed into blood

30
Q

Carbohydrases/amaylse?

A

Amylase (carbohydrates)
Starch (amylase)-> maltose

Amylase=
Salivary glands pancreas small intestine

31
Q

Proteases?

A

Proteins (protease) -> amino acids

Protease:
Stomach pancreas, small intestine

32
Q

Lipase?

A

Lipid (lipase)-> glycerol + fatty acids

Lipases:
Pancreas, small intestine

33
Q

What do they use the products in digestion for?

A

New carbohydrates, proteins and lipids glucose used for respiration

34
Q

How and what does bile do?

A
  1. Produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder released in the small intestine.
  2. Hydrolic acid in stomach. PH is too acidic for enzymes and small intestine to work properly. Bile= alkaline its neutralises acid and makes condition. Alkaline, enzymes work, best at alkaline.
  3. Emulsifies fat fat-> tiny droplets-> large surface area-> digestion is faster for enzymes lipases
35
Q

Food tests how to prepare food samples?

A
  1. A piece of food, broken up using a pestol and mortar.
  2. Transfer ground up food to beaker add distilled water
  3. Mixture a good stir the glass rod dissolves some food
  4. Filter solutions funnel lined filter paper and get rid of solids.
36
Q

What test do you use for sugar, starch proteins and lipids?

A

Sugar= bendicts
Lipids=ethonal
Starch=iodine
Protein= biuret

37
Q

Benedict test? 5 steps

A

1.Prepare food, sample and transfer 5cm3 test tube
2.People water bath set to 75c
3.add some Benedicks solution test tube 10 drops
4.test tubes in water bath using a test tube holder for 5 minutes.
5.contain sugar blue-> brick-red

38
Q

Iodine test?

A
  1. Food sample transfer 5cm3 sample to a test tube
  2. Our drops of iodine and gently shake to mix the contents contain starch brown-orange-> black
39
Q

Biuret test?

A
  1. The past simple foods and transfer 2cm3 sample test tube
  2. Add 2cm3 biuret solution to sample and mix contents of the tube by gently shaking
  3. Food contains-> blue-> purple
40
Q

Ethanol test?

A
  1. Prepare sample, food and transfer 5cm3 into a test tube
  2. Pipette add drops. 3 of ethanol to test tube and shake gently.
  3. If present milky emulsion
41
Q

How do you lungs work? 6

A
  1. Lung in thorax top part body
  2. Separated from the lower part of the body diaphragm.
  3. Lungs protected rib cage, surrounded by pleural membranes
  4. where is breathed in->treachea (splits into test tubes= bronchi)
    5.bronchi split into bronchioles
    6.end at the alveoli gas exchange
42
Q

Gas exchange alveoli? 4

A

1.network of blood capillaries
2. CO2 in. Oxygen diffuses alveoli into blood
3. blood reaches body cells. Oxygen released from red blood cells to body cells
4. CO2 diffuses out of the body cells into the blood carried back to the lungs.

43
Q

Rates breath per minute?

A

Breaths per minute= numbers of breath/number of minutes

44
Q

Capillaries adaptions? 4

A

1.tiny, carry blood close to the every cell exchange substances.
2. Permeable walls, substances diffuse in out.
3. Supply food oxygen takeaway waste CO2
4. Walls, one cell thick increases rate diffusion decreasing the distance

45
Q

Vein adaptions?

A

1.low pressure in vain walls.
2. Bigger lumen arteries to help blood flow
3. Valves help blood flowing right direction.

46
Q

Rate of blood of flow?

A

Rate blood flow=
volume of blood/number of minutes

47
Q

Artiers adaption? 3

A
  1. Heart pumps at high-pressure and the artery walls strong elastic.
  2. Thick compared to the size of the size of tiny whole in middle
  3. strong and elastic fibres, allow stretch, springback
48
Q

What are the jobs of arteries capillaries and veins?

A

Arteries= blood away from the heart
Capillaries= exchange with you at the tissue
Veins= carry blood to the heart

49
Q

Label the heart diagram?

A
50
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker and how do they work?

A

1-control heartbeat if natural pacemaker cells don’t work e.g. irregular heartbeat
2-Devices implanted under skin wire to the heart produce electrical current to keep the heart beating regularly.

51
Q

1)What is a Pacemaker and where is it located?
2)How does a pacemaker work?

A

1)resting heartbeat rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right aorta wall
2)Send electrical impulses spread to the surrounding muscle cells to contract.

52
Q

Artificial hearts, one advantage and 4 disadvantages?

A

. Mechanical devices pump, blood from a persons, who is heart failed , a temporary fixed till a donor heart.

Advantages
. Less likely to be rejected by the immune system.

Disadvantages
. Bleeding and infection.
. Electric motor fail
. Blood does not flow smoothly= blood clots
. Take blood thinners to stop blood, clots a problem if you’re bleeding

53
Q

What is a damaged valve, and the two types?

A

1)Stiffen and won’t open properly.
2)leaky valve blood flow in a different direction and circulation is not as effective.

54
Q

Human valves/ animal valves?

A

. Human and of a mammals have biological valves= rejection and ethical
. last longer and more effective.

55
Q

Artificial valves?

A

Mechanical valves= clots, not long-lasting, not as smooth less likely to be rejected, and no ethical problems

56
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

. Someone loses a lot of blood= hearts can still pump remaining red blood cells around-> oxygen organs, if volume, topped up
. Artificial= blood substitute, e.g., a salt solution, replaces blood cells, giving patient enough time to produce new blood cells, if not blood transfusion.

57
Q

Rate of transpiration?

A

Distance moved by the bubble/time

58
Q

Veins and arteries and capillary’s adaptions?
veins (3)
arteries (3)
capillaries (2)

A

Arteries:
-thick walls to withstand high pressures
-narrow lumen to maintain high pressures
-thick layer of elastic fibres to maintain high pressures between pump cycles.

Veisn:
-thin layer of muscle low pressure.
- few layers of elastic tissue blood is a low pressure.
-valves in them to stop the blood flowing in the wrong direction because it is such a low pressure.

Capillary:
-one cell thick=allow the exchange of molecules between the blood and the body’s cells
-gaps called pores allow blood plasma leak out and form tissue fluid

Bioglogy (12 decks)

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