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bioenergic Question Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Bioenergetics?

A

The study of energy in living systems and the organisms that utilize them

Bioenergetics focuses on how organisms convert energy from one form to another.

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2
Q

What are Endergonic Reactions?

A

Chemical reactions that require a net input of energy

Examples include photosynthesis, where energy is absorbed and stored.

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3
Q

What is the equation for Photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + photons + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

This reaction converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight.

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4
Q

What are Exergonic Reactions?

A

Chemical reactions that release energy

An example is cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose to produce energy.

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5
Q

What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

This process releases energy stored in glucose.

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6
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A
  • Kinetic Energy
  • Potential Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is stored energy, such as that in chemical bonds.

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7
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The sum total of the chemical activities of all cells

It includes managing material and energy resources within organisms.

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8
Q

What are the two types of Metabolism?

A
  • Catabolic Pathways
  • Anabolic Pathways

Catabolic pathways involve breaking down molecules, while anabolic pathways involve building up molecules.

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9
Q

What does Catabolism refer to?

A

The breakdown of molecules

It typically releases energy that can be used for cellular processes.

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10
Q

What does Anabolism refer to?

A

The building up of molecules

It usually requires energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Kinetic energy is the energy of _______.

A

Motion

Examples include heat and light energy.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Potential energy includes energy stored in _______.

A

Chemical bonds

This energy can be released during chemical reactions.

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13
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

Metabolic reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Examples include cellular respiration and hydrolysis.

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14
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The process of adding a water molecule to break apart chemical bonds

It is a key reaction in catabolic pathways.

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15
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

Glucose is broken down in this process to release energy.

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16
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

Metabolic reactions that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds

Examples include photosynthesis and dehydration synthesis.

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17
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The removal of a water molecule to bond compounds together

This process is crucial in anabolic pathways.

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18
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

This process converts light energy into chemical energy.

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19
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

The transfer of energy from catabolism to anabolism

Energy from exergonic reactions drives endergonic reactions.

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20
Q

Which cycle illustrates energy coupling?

A

Photosynthesis - cellular respiration cycle

This cycle shows the interdependence of catabolic and anabolic pathways.

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21
Q

What governs energy transformations?

A

The Laws of Thermodynamics

These laws describe how energy is transferred and transformed in biological systems.

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22
Q

What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Also known as the law of Conservation of Energy.

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23
Q

What does the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics state?

A

The energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of a system

Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness.

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24
Q

What is entropy?

A

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system

It reflects the amount of energy unavailable for doing work.

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25
What is free energy?
The portion of a system's energy that can perform work ## Footnote It is calculated using the equation G = H - TS.
26
In the equation G = H - TS, what does G represent?
Free energy of a system ## Footnote This equation helps in understanding the energy available for work.
27
In the equation G = H - TS, what does H represent?
Total energy of a system ## Footnote This includes all forms of energy within the system.
28
In the equation G = H - TS, what does T represent?
Temperature in Kelvin (°K) ## Footnote Temperature is a critical factor in determining free energy.
29
In the equation G = H - TS, what does S represent?
Entropy of a system ## Footnote Entropy contributes to the calculation of free energy.
30
What does a system with more free energy indicate?
It is less stable and has greater work capacity. ## Footnote A system at metabolic equilibrium has zero free energy and can do no work.
31
What is metabolic disequilibrium?
It produces free energy to do work and is more unstable. ## Footnote Examples include greater concentration or temperature differences.
32
What happens to the free energy of a system during a spontaneous change?
The free energy decreases (ΔG < 0) and the system becomes more stable. ## Footnote The released free energy can be harnessed to do work.
33
What type of energy change occurs in an exergonic reaction?
A net release of free energy. ## Footnote These reactions are spontaneous and provide energy for cellular processes.
34
What type of energy change occurs in an endergonic reaction?
Absorbs free energy from the surroundings. ## Footnote These reactions require energy input to proceed.
35
What is the relationship between instability and spontaneous change in a system?
An unstable system has a greater tendency to change spontaneously to a more stable state.
36
List three types of processes that can harness free energy.
* Gravitational motion * Diffusion * Chemical reactions
37
Fill in the blank: In a spontaneous process, the free energy of the system _______.
decreases
38
What are chemical reactions the source of for living systems?
Energy ## Footnote They are based on free energy changes.
39
What is the significance of free energy changes in chemical reactions?
They determine whether a reaction is exergonic or endergonic.
40
What are the three main kinds of cellular work?
* Mechanical - muscle contractions * Transport - pumping across membranes * Chemical - making polymers ## Footnote These categories describe the various functions that cells perform to maintain life and carry out biological processes.
41
What powers all cellular work?
ATP ## Footnote ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells.
42
What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
Couples an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one ## Footnote This means that ATP helps to link energy-releasing reactions with energy-consuming reactions.
43
What are the components of ATP?
* Adenine: nitrogenous base * Ribose: five carbon sugar * Phosphate group: chain of 3 ## Footnote These components work together to store and transfer energy in cells.
44
How many phosphate groups are in ATP?
Three ## Footnote The phosphate groups are crucial for the energy transfer process.
45
Which phosphate group in ATP contains the most energy?
Last phosphate group (PO4) ## Footnote The last phosphate group is linked by a high-energy bond, making it the most energetic part of ATP.
46
True or False: All three phosphate groups in ATP are positively charged.
False ## Footnote All three phosphate groups are negatively charged, which leads to instability due to mutual repulsion.
47
Fill in the blank: The last phosphate group in ATP contains the ______ energy.
most ## Footnote This indicates that the last phosphate bond is the one that releases the most energy when broken.
48
What makes the phosphate groups in ATP very unstable?
They are negatively charged and repel each other ## Footnote This instability is what allows ATP to release energy easily when needed.
49
What enzyme weakens and breaks the last phosphate bond in ATP?
ATP-ase ## Footnote ATP-ase releases energy and a free phosphate group when it breaks the bond.
50
What happens when a phosphate group attaches to other molecules?
The molecules become more unstable and more reactive ## Footnote This process is known as phosphorylation and provides an energy boost for work.
51
How do organisms use glucose in relation to ATP?
Organisms break down energy-rich glucose to release its potential energy, which is then stored as ATP ## Footnote This process involves enzymes that facilitate the breakdown.
52
Approximately how many molecules of ATP does each cell generate and consume per second?
10,000,000 molecules ## Footnote This high turnover rate highlights the importance of ATP in cellular metabolism.
53
What analogy is used to describe ATP?
ATP is like a rechargeable battery ## Footnote It can be charged (with a phosphate group) and uncharged (after releasing energy).
54
What type of reaction is the hydrolysis of ATP?
Exergonic ## Footnote This reaction releases energy, which can be coupled with other reactions.
55
What type of process is coupled with the exergonic hydrolysis of ATP?
Endergonic dehydration process ## Footnote This coupling involves transferring a phosphate group to another molecule.
56
Fill in the blank: The process of attaching a phosphate group to a molecule is called _______.
phosphorylation ## Footnote This process makes the molecule more reactive.
57
True or False: ATP can only be generated and consumed in the presence of oxygen.
False ## Footnote ATP generation can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
58
What is the reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP?
ATP + H2O → ADP + P ## Footnote This reaction is exergonic, meaning it releases energy.
59
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate ## Footnote ATP is a high-energy molecule used by cells.
60
What is the process of adding water to break a bond called?
Hydrolysis ## Footnote Hydrolysis is a chemical process that involves the splitting of a bond by the addition of water.
61
What is the reaction for the dehydration of ATP?
ADP + P + H2O → ATP ## Footnote This reaction is endergonic, meaning it requires energy input.
62
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine diphosphate ## Footnote ADP is the product of ATP hydrolysis and can be converted back to ATP.
63
True or False: Hydrolysis of ATP is endergonic.
False ## Footnote Hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic, meaning it releases energy.
64
What type of reaction is dehydration in terms of energy?
Endergonic ## Footnote Dehydration reactions require energy to occur.
65
Fill in the blank: Hydrolysis is _______.
Exergonic ## Footnote This indicates that hydrolysis releases energy.
66
Fill in the blank: Dehydration is _______.
Endergonic ## Footnote This indicates that dehydration requires energy input.
67
What is restored in chemical bonds during dehydration?
Energy ## Footnote Dehydration reactions involve the formation of high-energy bonds.
68
How often is a cell's ATP content recycled?
Every minute ## Footnote ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is crucial for cellular energy transfer.
69
How much ATP do humans use daily in relation to their body weight?
Close to their body weight ## Footnote This highlights the high energy demands of human metabolism.
70
What is the consequence of no ATP production in cells?
Quick death ## Footnote ATP is essential for various cellular functions.
71
What are most enzymes made of?
Proteins ## Footnote Enzymes can have tertiary and quaternary structures.
72
What is the primary function of enzymes?
Act as catalysts to accelerate reactions ## Footnote Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions.
73
Are enzymes permanently changed during a reaction?
No ## Footnote Enzymes can be reused after catalyzing reactions.
74
What suffix do most enzymes end with?
-ase ## Footnote Examples include sucrase, lactase, and maltase.
75
What is the term for the molecule upon which an enzyme acts?
Substrate ## Footnote The substrate binds to the enzyme's active site.
76
What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?
Where substrates bind and reactions are catalyzed ## Footnote The active site is specific to the substrate.
77
Fill in the blank: Enzymes are _____ for what they will catalyze.
Specific ## Footnote This specificity is crucial for metabolic pathways.
78
How do enzymes lower activation energy?
By providing an alternative reaction pathway ## Footnote This makes the reaction proceed more easily.
79
What is activation energy?
Energy needed to convert potential energy into kinetic energy. ## Footnote Activation energy is a crucial concept in the study of chemical reactions and bioenergetics.
80
What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, facilitating the conversion of substrates into products. ## Footnote Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being consumed.
81
Fill in the blank: The energy needed to convert potential energy into _______ is known as activation energy.
kinetic energy
82
What are the two states of reactants in the context of enzyme activity?
Without enzyme and with enzyme. ## Footnote The presence of an enzyme changes the energy landscape of the reaction.
83
What happens to the free energy of activation when an enzyme is present?
It decreases. ## Footnote This reduction in activation energy allows reactions to proceed more quickly.
84
True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.
False ## Footnote Enzymes can be reused multiple times in biochemical reactions.
85
What is the outcome of a reaction with an enzyme compared to one without?
The reaction with an enzyme progresses more efficiently and requires less energy. ## Footnote Enzymes significantly speed up metabolic processes.
86
Define 'free energy'.
The energy available to do work in a system. ## Footnote Free energy is a key concept in thermodynamics and helps predict the direction of chemical reactions.
87
What is the relationship between substrates and products in enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
Substrates are converted into products through the action of enzymes. ## Footnote This transformation is fundamental to metabolic pathways.
88
Fill in the blank: In the presence of an enzyme, the activation energy is _______.
lowered
89
What is a substrate in the context of enzymatic reactions?
The reactant molecule upon which an enzyme acts. ## Footnote Substrates bind to the enzyme's active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex.
90
What is the substance that an enzyme acts on called?
Substrate ## Footnote The substrate is the reactant that an enzyme interacts with in a biochemical reaction.
91
What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?
It is a restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate. ## Footnote The active site is crucial for the enzyme's catalytic activity.
92
What happens when the substrate binds to the enzyme?
The enzyme-substrate complex is formed. ## Footnote This complex facilitates the conversion of the substrate into products.
93
True or False: The active site of an enzyme can bind multiple substrate molecules at once.
False ## Footnote The active site is specific to one substrate molecule at a time.
94
Fill in the blank: The enzyme that acts on sucrose is called _______.
sucrase ## Footnote Sucrase is specific for the hydrolysis of sucrose.
95
What happens to the active site after a substrate is converted?
It is available for another molecule of substrate. ## Footnote This characteristic allows enzymes to catalyze multiple reactions.
96
What does the Lock and Key model describe in enzyme activity?
The substrate (key) fits to the active site (lock), providing a microenvironment for the specific reaction. ## Footnote This model illustrates the specificity of enzyme-substrate interactions.
97
What is the Induced Fit model in enzyme activity?
A change in the shape of an enzyme's active site induced by the substrate. ## Footnote This model suggests that the active site molds itself around the substrate for a better fit.
98
List the factors that affect enzyme activity.
* Environment (Temperature & pH) * Cofactors * Coenzymes * Inhibitors * Allosteric Sites ## Footnote These factors can enhance or inhibit enzyme function.
99
True or False: Enzymes are usually specific to one substrate.
True ## Footnote Each enzyme catalyzes a specific reaction related to its substrate.
100
Fill in the blank: Each chemical reaction in a cell requires its own _______.
[enzyme] ## Footnote Enzymes are crucial for facilitating biochemical reactions.
101
What environmental factors can change protein structure and affect an enzyme?
* pH shifts * Temperature * Salt concentrations ## Footnote Changes in these factors can lead to denaturation or altered enzyme activity.
102
What effect do high temperatures have on enzymes?
High temperatures denature enzymes. ## Footnote Most enzymes prefer normal body temperatures for optimal function.
103
What is the optimal pH range for most enzymes?
6 to 8. ## Footnote Most enzymes function near neutral pH levels.
104
What can denature enzymes besides high temperatures?
Ionic salts. ## Footnote Denaturation involves unfolding the enzyme structure.
105
What are cofactors?
Substances needed for proper enzyme function. ## Footnote Cofactors can include metals like iron and copper.
106
What role do coenzymes play in enzyme function?
They help enzymes by acting as organic cofactors. ## Footnote Examples of coenzymes include vitamins.
107
What is a competitive inhibitor?
A chemical that resembles an enzyme's normal substrate and competes for the active site. ## Footnote Competitive inhibitors can hinder enzyme activity by blocking substrate access.
108
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
An inhibitor that binds to another part of the enzyme, altering its shape. ## Footnote This change in shape affects the active site, preventing substrate binding.
109
Fill in the blank: Iron must be present in the quaternary structure of _______ in order for it to pick up oxygen.
hemoglobin. ## Footnote Iron is a critical component for oxygen transport in the blood.
110
What is a substrate in enzymatic reactions?
A substrate is the molecule upon which an enzyme acts. ## Footnote Substrates are typically converted into products through biochemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
111
What is the role of the active site in an enzyme?
The active site is the region on the enzyme where substrate binding occurs and catalysis takes place. ## Footnote The shape and chemical environment of the active site are crucial for enzyme specificity.
112
What is a competitive inhibitor?
A competitive inhibitor is a substance that competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of an enzyme. ## Footnote Competitive inhibitors can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.
113
List the types of control mechanisms for enzyme activity.
* Switching on or off the genes that encode for specific enzyme production * Allosteric sites * Feedback inhibition * Cooperativity ## Footnote These mechanisms help regulate metabolic processes essential for life.
114
What is allosteric regulation?
Allosteric regulation is the control of an enzyme complex by the binding of a regulatory molecule at a site other than the active site. ## Footnote This regulation can either stimulate or inhibit the activity of the enzyme.
115
What is the function of an allosteric site?
An allosteric site is a specific receptor site on an enzyme that is distinct from the active site, where regulatory molecules bind. ## Footnote Binding at the allosteric site can induce conformational changes in the enzyme.
116
True or False: Allosteric activators stabilize the inactive form of an enzyme.
False ## Footnote Allosteric activators stabilize the active form of an enzyme, enhancing its activity.
117
Fill in the blank: __________ is a regulatory molecule that inhibits enzyme activity by binding to an allosteric site.
[Allosteric inhibitor] ## Footnote Allosteric inhibitors stabilize the inactive form of the enzyme.
118
What happens to an enzyme's shape when an allosteric activator binds?
The binding of an allosteric activator changes the shape of the enzyme, stabilizing its active form. ## Footnote This conformational change enhances the enzyme's ability to catalyze reactions.
119
What is feedback inhibition?
Feedback inhibition is a regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme involved in its synthesis. ## Footnote This process helps maintain homeostasis within the cell.
120
What is cooperativity in the context of enzyme activity?
Cooperativity refers to the phenomenon where the binding of a substrate to one active site on an enzyme affects the activity of other active sites on the same enzyme. ## Footnote This can lead to increased enzyme activity as more substrate molecules bind.
121
What is feedback inhibition?
A metabolic pathway is switched off by its end-product ## Footnote This mechanism helps regulate metabolic processes.
122
How does feedback inhibition work?
The end-product usually inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway ## Footnote This prevents the continuation of the pathway when enough product has been produced.
123
What is the primary purpose of feedback inhibition?
To prevent the cell from wasting chemical resources ## Footnote This ensures efficient use of substrates and energy.

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