question Of Lipid كتاب الطويل Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
What are lipids?
A
Organic compounds related to fatty acids insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like ether, benzene, acetone, and chloroform.
Lipids are characterized by their hydrophobic nature due to hydrocarbon chains in their structure.
2
Q
What is the hydrophobic nature of lipids attributed to?
A
The predominance of hydrocarbon chains (-CH2-CH2-CH2-) in their structure.
This structure leads to their insolubility in water.
3
Q
What is one primary function of lipids?
A
Source of energy.
Lipids have a high energy value.
4
Q
Name two essential fatty acids.
A
- Alpha-linolenic acid
- Linoleic acid
These fatty acids are crucial for various bodily functions.
5
Q
What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?
A
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin A
These vitamins are essential for various physiological processes.
6
Q
What is the classification of lipids?
A
- Simple lipids
- Compound lipids
- Derived lipids
Each classification serves different functions and structures.
7
Q
What are simple lipids also known as?
A
Fats (acylglycerol).
Simple lipids are primarily composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
8
Q
What are compound lipids composed of?
A
- Phospholipids
- Glycolipids
- Lipoproteins
These lipids contain additional components such as phosphate or sugars.
9
Q
What are derived lipids?
A
- Fatty acids
- Steroids
- Fat-soluble vitamins
- Ketone bodies
- Carotenoids
- Cholesterol
Derived lipids are formed from the breakdown of simple and compound lipids.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: Lipids are soluble in _______.
A
organic solvents.
Examples of organic solvents include ether, benzene, acetone, and chloroform.
11
Q
True or False: All lipids are soluble in water.
A
False.
Lipids are generally insoluble in water due to their hydrophobic nature.
12
Q
What do chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL have in common?
A
They are all types of lipoproteins.
Lipoproteins are complexes that transport lipids in the blood.
13
Q
What are simple lipids?
A
Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols, either fats or waxes
Ester bond is represented as -COO-.
14
Q
What are fatty acids?
A
Water-insoluble long chain hydrocarbons, mostly monocarboxylic and aliphatic
Monocarboxylic means having one carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end of the chain.
15
Q
What types of fatty acids exist?
A
Saturated and unsaturated
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.
16
Q
What is the difference between essential and nonessential fatty acids?
A
Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body; nonessential fatty acids can be synthesized
Essential fatty acids must be obtained through diet.
17
Q
How are fatty acids classified based on chain length?
A
Short chain (less than 10 carbons) and long chain (more than 10 carbons)
The classification is based on the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid.
18
Q
What is the numbering system for carbon atoms in fatty acids?
A
Starting from the carboxyl group or the terminal methyl group
The carboxyl group is denoted as carbon number 1.
19
Q
What does the delta (Δ) numbering system indicate?
A
The position of double bonds starting from the carboxyl carbon
Example: Palmitoleic acid C 16:1 Δ9 indicates one double bond between carbons 9 and 10.
20
Q
What does the omega (ω) system indicate?
A
The position of double bonds starting from the terminal methyl carbon
Example: Palmitoleic acid C 16:1 ω7 indicates a double bond on the seventh carbon from the ω-carbon.
21
Q
What are the two configurations of unsaturated fatty acids?
A
Cis and trans forms
Cis form means groups are on the same side; trans form means groups are on opposite sides.
22
Q
True or False: Trans fatty acids are naturally occurring in most foods.
A
False
Trans fatty acids are often created during the hydrogenation of oils.
23
Q
What is the typical configuration of fatty acids in mammals?
A
Cis form
This configuration is the most common in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
24
Q
What type of fatty acids are most commonly found in mammalian tissues?
A
Aliphatic fatty acids
Almost all fatty acids present in mammalian tissues are aliphatic, which means they are straight-chain.
25
What is Phytanic acid and how many carbon atoms does it contain?
Phytanic acid is a branched-chain fatty acid that contains 18 carbon atoms
## Footnote
It has 4 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, and 13.
26
What disease is caused by the inability to oxidize Phytanic acid?
Refsum's disease
## Footnote
This condition leads to the accumulation of Phytanic acid in plasma and tissues.
27
What are the manifestations of Refsum's disease?
Nervous tissue damage, including blindness and deafness
## Footnote
This occurs due to the accumulation of Phytanic acid.
28
What characterizes saturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds in the chain
## Footnote
The number of methylene (-CH2) groups between the methyl and carboxylic groups is equal to the number of carbon atoms minus one.
29
What suffix is used in the systemic names of saturated fatty acids?
The suffix (-anoic)
## Footnote
For example, palmitic acid (16c) is also known as hexadecanoic acid.
30
What is the systemic name for palmitic acid?
Hexadecanoic acid
## Footnote
Hexa = 6, Deca = 10, indicating the number of carbon atoms.
31
Fill in the blank: Butyric acid (4c) has the formula _______.
CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH
## Footnote
This formula represents the structure of butyric acid.
32
What is the formula for stearic acid?
CH3-(CH2)16-COOH
## Footnote
Stearic acid has 18 carbon atoms.
33
What is the carbon count for Arachidic acid?
20
## Footnote
Arachidic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in fats.
34
What is the major end product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen organisms?
Acetic acid
## Footnote
Acetic acid is a 2-carbon fatty acid.
35
True or False: Palmitic acid is common in both animal and plant fats.
True
## Footnote
Palmitic acid is a prevalent saturated fatty acid.
36
How many carbon atoms are in butyric acid?
4
## Footnote
Butyric acid is a short-chain saturated fatty acid.
37
What fatty acid has the following structure: CH3-(CH2)14-COOH?
Palmitic acid
## Footnote
This structure corresponds to a 16-carbon fatty acid.
38
What is the general formula for unsaturated fatty acids?
Cn-H2n-1-COOH
## Footnote
This formula represents the structure of unsaturated fatty acids, which contain one or more double bonds.
39
What suffix is used in the systemic name of unsaturated fatty acids?
-enoic
## Footnote
For example, oleic acid is systematically named octadecenoic acid.
40
What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids?
* Monounsaturated fatty acids
* Polyunsaturated fatty acids
## Footnote
Monounsaturated fatty acids contain one double bond, while polyunsaturated fatty acids contain more than one.
41
What is the characteristic of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Contain one double bond
## Footnote
Examples include palmitoleic acid and oleic acid.
42
What are polyunsaturated fatty acids also known as?
Essential fatty acids
## Footnote
They are also referred to as polyethenoic or polyenoic fatty acids.
43
How are polyunsaturated fatty acids classified?
According to the position of the 1st double bond in relation to w carbon
## Footnote
They are classified into W3, W6, W7, and W9 fatty acids.
44
What defines W3 polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Having the 1st double bond at carbon 3 in relation to w carbon
## Footnote
Examples include alpha-linolenic acid, timnodonic acid, and cervonic acid.
45
What is a precursor of other members of the W3 group in the body?
Alpha-linolenic acid
## Footnote
It is important for the synthesis of other fatty acids.
46
What defines W6 polyunsaturated fatty acids?
The first double bond is at carbon 6 in relation to w carbon
## Footnote
Examples include linoleic acid and arachidonic acid.
47
What is linoleic acid's systemic name and classification?
18:2, it is a parent fatty acid
## Footnote
It is essential for human health and must be obtained from the diet.
48
What are the characteristics of arachidonic acid?
* Present in peanut oil
* Component of phospholipids in animals
* Precursor of eicosanoids
## Footnote
Arachidonic acid is crucial for various biological functions.
49
What are monoenoic acids?
Fatty acids with one double bond
## Footnote
Examples include palmitoleic (cis-9-Hexadecenoic) and oleic (cis-9-Octadecenoic) acids.
50
What is the systematic name for palmitoleic acid?
cis-9-Hexadecenoic
## Footnote
It is a monoenoic acid with one double bond.
51
What is the occurrence of oleic acid?
In nearly all fats; possibly the most common fatty acid in natural fats
## Footnote
Oleic acid is also known as cis-9-Octadecenoic.
52
What type of fatty acid is linoleic acid?
Dienoic acid (two double bonds)
## Footnote
Its systematic name is all-cis-9,12-Octadecadienoic.
53
Fill in the blank: Arachidonic acid is classified as a _______.
Tetraenoic acid (four double bonds)
## Footnote
Its systematic name is all-cis-5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic.
54
What are essential fatty acids?
Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from the diet
## Footnote
They include polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids.
55
What are nonessential fatty acids?
Fatty acids that can be synthesized in the body
## Footnote
Examples include all saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic and oleic acids.
56
What is the significance of essential fatty acids in the body?
They are required for normal growth, structure of cell membranes, and protect against atherosclerosis
## Footnote
They are also involved in the structure of phospholipids and cholesterol esters.
57
True or False: The human body can form more than one double bond in fatty acids.
False
## Footnote
The human body has the enzyme system that can form only one double bond at the ninth carbon atom.
58
What are some sources of essential fatty acids?
* Vegetable oils (corn, soybean, safflower, sunflower, linseed, cottonseed)
* Fish oil (shark liver oil)
## Footnote
These sources are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
59
What is the systematic name for alpha-linolenic acid?
all-cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic
## Footnote
It is a trienoic acid (three double bonds).
60
What is the systematic name for gamma-linolenic acid?
all-cis-6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic
## Footnote
It is also a trienoic acid with three double bonds.
61
What type of fatty acid is eicosapentaenoic acid?
Pentaenoic acid (five double bonds)
## Footnote
Its systematic name is all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic.
62
What type of fatty acid is docosahexaenoic acid?
Hexaenoic acid (six double bonds)
## Footnote
Its systematic name is all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic.
63
What are eicosanoids?
Cyclic compounds derived from arachidonic acid that act as hormone-like molecules
## Footnote
Eicosanoids are produced by most mammalian cells and have autocrine or paracrine actions.
64
What are the main components of eicosanoids?
Prostanoids and leukotrienes
## Footnote
Prostanoids include prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes.
65
What are prostaglandins (PG) responsible for?
Vasodilatation and relaxation of the uterus and intestine
## Footnote
PGF2 is associated with vasoconstriction and contraction of the uterus and intestine.
66
What role do thromboxanes play?
They cause platelet aggregation
## Footnote
Thromboxanes are a type of prostanoid.
67
What is the function of leukotrienes (LT)?
Cause chemotaxis and increase vascular permeability
## Footnote
Leukotrienes are present in leukocytes, platelets, and mast cells.
68
What are the physical properties of fatty acids related to solubility?
Short-chain fatty acids are soluble in water; long-chain fatty acids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents
## Footnote
Examples of short-chain fatty acids include acetic, butyric, and caproic acids.
69
How does the melting point of fatty acids vary?
It depends on the chain length and degree of unsaturation
## Footnote
Short-chain and unsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature, while long-chain saturated fatty acids are solid.
70
What type of reaction forms esters from fatty acids?
Ester formation with alcohols
## Footnote
Fatty acids can form esters with glycerol to create neutral fats (acylglycerols) or with higher alcohols.
71
What are the products of the reduction of fatty acids?
Aldehydes and alcohols
## Footnote
The reduction reaction involves converting fatty acids into aldehydes and then to alcohols.
72
What is hydrogenation in the context of fatty acids?
The addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids to convert them to saturated fatty acids
## Footnote
This process typically requires heat and a catalyst such as nickel.
73
Fill in the blank: Fatty acids form sodium salts when they react with _______.
Sodium hydroxide
74
True or False: Long-chain fatty acids are generally solid at room temperature.
True
75
What are alcohols associated with lipids?
Glycerol, cholesterol, and higher alcohols (e.g. cetylalcohol)
## Footnote
Higher alcohols are usually found in wax.
76
What is glycerol?
A polyhydric alcohol containing 3 (-OH) groups
## Footnote
Glycerol is also known for its sweet taste.
77
List three properties of glycerol.
* Colorless
* Odorless
* Hygroscopic
## Footnote
Glycerol is soluble in water and alcohol but insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
78
What is acrolein?
An aldehyde substance derived from glycerol by losing 2 water molecules
## Footnote
Acrolein has a characteristic odor.
79
What are two uses of glycerol?
* Used in nitroglycerol for dilatation of coronary artery
* Used in manufacturing creams and lotions for dry skin
## Footnote
Nitroglycerol is a medication used to treat angina.
80
What is cholesterol?
An alcohol and derived lipid
## Footnote
Cholesterol is essential for cell membrane structure and function.
81
Define higher alcohols.
Long chain alcohols that contain one (-OH) group
## Footnote
They are also referred to as monohydric alcohols.
82
What are simple lipids?
Lipids formed only from alcohols and fatty acids
## Footnote
They include acylglycerols and waxes.
83
What are acylglycerols?
Esters of one, two, or three fatty acids with glycerol
## Footnote
They are classified based on the number of fatty acids attached.
84
What are triacylglycerols (triglycerides)?
Neutral fats that carry no charge
## Footnote
They are stored mainly in the cytoplasm of adipose tissue cells.
85
Where are body triacylglycerols stored?
Mainly in the cytoplasm of adipose tissue cells
## Footnote
These cells are located subcutaneously and around organs like the kidneys.
86
What is the energy yield of fat?
9.3 kcal per gram
## Footnote
Body fat serves as an important source of energy.
87
What are dietary sources of triacylglycerols?
* Animal sources: butter, lards
* Plant sources: cottonseed oil, linseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil
## Footnote
These sources provide essential fatty acids.
88
What distinguishes simple triacylglycerols from mixed triacylglycerols?
Simple triacylglycerols have similar fatty acids, while mixed triacylglycerols have different fatty acids attached to glycerol
## Footnote
This affects their physical and chemical properties.
89
What are alcohols associated with lipids?
Glycerol, cholesterol, and higher alcohols (e.g. cetylalcohol)
## Footnote
Higher alcohols are usually found in wax.
90
What is glycerol?
A polyhydric alcohol containing 3 (-OH) groups
## Footnote
Glycerol is also known for its sweet taste.
91
List three properties of glycerol.
* Colorless
* Odorless
* Hygroscopic
## Footnote
Glycerol is soluble in water and alcohol but insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
92
What is acrolein?
An aldehyde substance derived from glycerol by losing 2 water molecules
## Footnote
Acrolein has a characteristic odor.
93
What are two uses of glycerol?
* Used in nitroglycerol for dilatation of coronary artery
* Used in manufacturing creams and lotions for dry skin
## Footnote
Nitroglycerol is a medication used to treat angina.
94
What is cholesterol?
An alcohol and derived lipid
## Footnote
Cholesterol is essential for cell membrane structure and function.
95
Define higher alcohols.
Long chain alcohols that contain one (-OH) group
## Footnote
They are also referred to as monohydric alcohols.
96
What are simple lipids?
Lipids formed only from alcohols and fatty acids
## Footnote
They include acylglycerols and waxes.
97
What are acylglycerols?
Esters of one, two, or three fatty acids with glycerol
## Footnote
They are classified based on the number of fatty acids attached.
98
What are triacylglycerols (triglycerides)?
Neutral fats that carry no charge
## Footnote
They are stored mainly in the cytoplasm of adipose tissue cells.
99
Where are body triacylglycerols stored?
Mainly in the cytoplasm of adipose tissue cells
## Footnote
These cells are located subcutaneously and around organs like the kidneys.
100
What is the energy yield of fat?
9.3 kcal per gram
## Footnote
Body fat serves as an important source of energy.
101
What are dietary sources of triacylglycerols?
* Animal sources: butter, lards
* Plant sources: cottonseed oil, linseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil
## Footnote
These sources provide essential fatty acids.
102
What distinguishes simple triacylglycerols from mixed triacylglycerols?
Simple triacylglycerols have similar fatty acids, while mixed triacylglycerols have different fatty acids attached to glycerol
## Footnote
This affects their physical and chemical properties.
103
What are the physical properties of triacylglycerols?
* Insoluble in water
* Soluble in fat solvents
* Melting point varies with saturation
* Specific gravity is less than one
* Give a grease stain test
## Footnote
The melting point of triacylglycerols rich in saturated fats is higher, making them solid at room temperature.
104
What is the definition of hardening in the context of triacylglycerols?
Hydrogenation of oils to form solid fat or margarine
## Footnote
In this process, unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) are converted to saturated fatty acids (SA).
105
What are the products of alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of triacylglycerols?
* Glycerol
* Soap (alkaline salt of fatty acids)
## Footnote
The reaction involves glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids reacting with an alkaline solution.
106
What is rancidity?
Development of toxic compounds with bad flavor and odor in fats or oils due to oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
## Footnote
Rancidity can be classified into hydrolytic and oxidative types.
107
What is hydrolytic rancidity?
Release of fatty acids due to the action of lipases
## Footnote
Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of fats.
108
What is oxidative rancidity?
Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids leading to peroxides, ketones, and aldehydes
## Footnote
Oils are more prone to oxidative rancidity because they are rich in unsaturated fatty acids.
109
How can oxidative rancidity be prevented?
Addition of antioxidants like vitamin E, phenols, and quinones
## Footnote
Antioxidants protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation, thereby preventing rancidity.
110
What are waxes?
Esters of long-chain fatty acids with long-chain alcohols
## Footnote
Waxes provide a protective coating and are found in various natural sources.
111
What is the function of waxes?
Acts as a protective coat
## Footnote
Waxes are commonly found in the trunks of trees and the fur of animals.
112
What are examples of true waxes?
* Bee's wax (esters of palmitic acid and mericyl alcohol)
* Lanolin (esters of cholesterol derivatives)
* Vitamin A (retinol) esters
* Vitamin D (calciferol) esters
## Footnote
These examples illustrate the diversity of waxes found in nature.
113
What are the characteristics of waxes compared to fats?
* Same physical properties as fats
* Give negative Acrolein test
* Not digested by lipase enzyme
* Solids at room temperature
## Footnote
Waxes differ from fats in that they do not contain glycerol.
114
What are triacylglycerols composed of?
Glycerol
## Footnote
Triacylglycerols contain glycerol and give a positive Acrolein test
115
What is the state of triacylglycerols at room temperature?
Either solids or liquids
## Footnote
Triacylglycerols may undergo rancidity
116
What test do waxes give?
Negative Acrolein test
## Footnote
Waxes contain no glycerol and at room temperature, they are solids
117
Do waxes undergo rancidity?
No
## Footnote
Waxes do not undergo rancidity
118
What is the structure of stearic acid?
18 carbon, no double bond
## Footnote
Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid
119
How can the structure of oleic acid be described?
18 carbon, one double bond
## Footnote
Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid
120
What is the major fat in adipose tissue?
Triacylglycerol
## Footnote
Triacylglycerol is the primary fat stored in adipose tissue
121
Which statement is true about linoleic acid?
It contains 18 C atoms
## Footnote
Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid not formed inside the body
122
What is a saturated fatty acid that contains 16 carbon atoms?
Palmitic acid
## Footnote
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms
123
Which of the following is NOT true about alpha-linolenic acid?
It is dienoic (contains 2 double bonds)
## Footnote
Alpha-linolenic acid is actually a polyunsaturated fatty acid
124
True or False: Lipids are poorly soluble in water.
True
## Footnote
Lipids are hydrophobic and do not dissolve well in water
125
Which components make up lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
## Footnote
Lipids are primarily composed of these three elements
126
Which fatty acid is dietary essential in humans?
Linoleic acid
## Footnote
Linoleic acid is one of the essential fatty acids required in the diet
127
What are conjugated lipids?
Simple lipids conjugated with another group
## Footnote
Conjugated lipids include various types of lipids that are modified by the addition of other chemical groups.
128
Name the main classifications of conjugated lipids.
* Phospholipids
* Glycolipids
## Footnote
Phospholipids are further divided into Glycerophosphatides and Sphingomyelin.
129
What are Glycerophosphatides?
Phospholipids containing glycerol as alcohol
## Footnote
They are derivatives of phosphatidic acid.
130
What is phosphatidic acid?
Diacylglycerol phosphate
## Footnote
It is formed during the synthesis of TAG & phospholipids.
131
What is Lecithin also known as?
Phosphatidyl Choline
## Footnote
Lecithin is a specific type of Glycerophosphatide.
132
What is the structure of Lecithin?
Formed of phosphatidic acid + Choline
## Footnote
Lecithin contributes to cell membrane structure.
133
What are the functions of Lecithin?
* Enters in the structure of cell membrane
* Acts as a lipotropic factor
* Serves as a body store of Choline
## Footnote
Lecithin plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and nerve transmission.
134
Fill in the blank: Phospholipids are classified according to the alcohol present into _______ and Sphingomyelin.
Glycerophosphatides
## Footnote
This classification is based on the type of alcohol present in the phospholipid structure.
135
What fatty acids are present in Phosphatidic acid?
* SFA at position 1
* USFA at position 2
## Footnote
SFA stands for Saturated Fatty Acids, while USFA stands for Unsaturated Fatty Acids.
136
What role does Choline play in the body?
* Important for nerve transmission
* Acts as a methyl donor in transmethylation
## Footnote
Choline is vital for various physiological functions, including neurotransmission and metabolism.
137
True or False: Lecithin helps prevent fatty liver.
True
## Footnote
Lecithin acts as a lipotropic factor, which helps in the prevention of fatty liver disease.
138
What are the other types of Phosphoglycerides formed by?
Conjugation of different groups to phosphate
## Footnote
This process modifies the structure and function of the phosphoglycerides.
139
What are the components of Glycolipids?
* Sphingomyelin
* Cerebrosides
* Sulfolipids
* Gangliosides
## Footnote
Glycolipids are essential for cell membrane structure and function.
140
What is dipalmityl lecithin?
Lecithin which contains 2 palmitic acid residues
## Footnote
It is secreted by lung cells and lowers surface tension in the alveoli.
141
What role does surfactant play during expiration?
Becomes solid under pressure, preventing the adherence of alveolar walls
## Footnote
This aids in the mechanical function of the lungs.
142
What happens during inspiration regarding surfactant?
Makes the lung easier to expand
## Footnote
It reduces surface tension, facilitating lung inflation.
143
What is respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies?
Condition where lungs do not secrete enough surfactant, leading to lung collapse
## Footnote
It can result in death from respiratory failure.
144
What is the treatment for respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies?
Incubator care and administration of surfactant locally in the lung
## Footnote
This helps improve lung function.
145
What is phosphatidylserine composed of?
Phosphatidic acid + serine
## Footnote
It is a type of phospholipid involved in cell signaling.
146
What is the structure of cephalin?
Formed of phosphatidic acid + ethanolamine
## Footnote
It is involved in coagulation mechanisms.
147
What functions does phosphatidyl inositol serve?
Acts as a precursor of the second messenger 'IP3'
## Footnote
It plays a role in cellular signaling pathways.
148
What are plasmalogens?
Same structure as lecithin but FA at position 1 is replaced by unsaturated fatty alcohol
## Footnote
They are present in brain and muscle tissues and act as antioxidants.
149
What is the structure of cardiolipins?
Formed of 2 molecules of phosphatidic acid connected by 1 molecule of glycerol
## Footnote
They are essential components of mitochondrial membranes.
150
What are lysophospholipids?
Like lecithin and cephalin but contains only 1 fatty acid in position 1
## Footnote
They play important roles in metabolism and as surface-active substances.
151
What is the function of lysolecithin?
Important in metabolism
## Footnote
It is a type of lysophospholipid.
152
What is the role of lysocephalin?
Strong surface active substance used in manufacturing chocolates
## Footnote
It is derived from cephalin.
153
What are the hydrolytic products of cardiolipins?
4 fatty acids, 3 glycerol, 2 phosphates
## Footnote
These are produced upon hydrolysis.
154
What is the function of phospholipase A1?
Hydrolyzes different phospholipids
## Footnote
It plays a role in lipid metabolism.
155
What is the function of phospholipase A2?
Hydrolyzes different phospholipids
## Footnote
It is involved in the breakdown of membrane phospholipids.
156
What is the structure of Sphingomyelin?
1. Sphingosine
2. Fatty acid attached to amino group at position 2
3. Phosphate at position 3
4. Choline base (attached to phosphate)
## Footnote
Sphingomyelin is a type of sphingolipid found in high concentrations in brain and nerve tissue.
157
What is Niemann Pick's disease?
1. Accumulation of large amounts of Sphingomyelin in liver due to deficiency of sphingomyelinase enzyme
2. Leads to mental retardation and death in early life
## Footnote
Niemann Pick's disease is a lysosomal storage disorder.
158
What are Glycolipids?
Formed of ceramide (Sphingosine + FA) attached to carbohydrates
Includes:
* Cerebrosides
* Sulfolipids
* Gangliosides
## Footnote
Glycolipids play essential roles in cell membrane structure and function.
159
What is the structure of Cerebrosides?
Formed of ceramide + FA containing 24 carbons
Can include:
* Glucose (glucocerebroside)
* Galactose (galactocerebroside)
## Footnote
Cerebrosides are important for brain and nerve tissue.
160
What is Gaucher's disease?
Accumulation of cerebrosides (sphingolipids) in phagocytes due to deficiency of 'B glucocerebrosidase' enzyme
Manifestations include:
* Mental retardation
* Hepatomegaly
* Bone disorders
## Footnote
Gaucher's disease is the most common lysosomal storage disorder.
161
What is the structure of Gangliosides?
Formed of ceramide + complex carbohydrate (e.g., NANA)
## Footnote
Gangliosides are crucial for cell signaling and recognition.
162
What is Tay Sachs disease?
Accumulation of gangliosides in brain and intestine due to deficiency of hexoaminidase enzyme
Manifestations include:
* Mental retardation
* Hepatomegaly
* Blindness
## Footnote
Tay Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that affects nerve cells in the brain.
163
What are Sulfolipids?
Formed of ceramide + galactose 3 sulfate
## Footnote
Sulfolipids, also known as sulfatides, are involved in various biological processes.
164
Enumerate the types of Sphingolipids.
1. Sphingomyelin
2. Glycolipids:
* Cerebrosides
* Sulfolipids
* Gangliosides
## Footnote
Sphingolipids are crucial components of cell membranes.
165
Enumerate Choline containing lipids.
1. Lecithin
2. Plasmalogens
3. Sphingomyelin
## Footnote
Choline-containing lipids play important roles in cell membrane structure and signaling.
166
True or False: Cerebrosides act as insulators of nerve impulse.
True
## Footnote
Cerebrosides are essential for the myelination of nerve fibers.
167
Fill in the blank: Glycolipids are important for _______ in cell membranes.
[cell signaling]
## Footnote
Glycolipids are key components of cell membranes and play a role in cell recognition.
168
What are lipoproteins?
Complex lipids formed of lipids conjugated with protein
## Footnote
They facilitate the transport of lipids in the bloodstream.
169
Where are lipoproteins present?
Cell membranes, mitochondria, and plasma
## Footnote
Plasma lipoproteins convert water-insoluble lipids into water-soluble complexes.
170
What types of plasma lipids are mentioned?
* Triacylglycerols
* Phospholipids
* Cholesterol (free and esterified)
* Free fatty acids
## Footnote
These lipids are crucial for various bodily functions.
171
What methods are used for separation of plasma lipids?
* Electrophoresis
* Ultracentrifugation
* Gas-liquid chromatography
* Thin layer chromatography
## Footnote
These techniques help analyze lipid profiles.
172
What are Apo lipoproteins?
Protein fractions associated with lipoproteins
## Footnote
They play vital roles in lipid metabolism.
173
What is the main lipid in chylomicrons?
Triacylglycerols (TG)
## Footnote
Chylomicrons are primarily formed in the intestine.
174
What is the source of VLDL?
Liver
## Footnote
VLDL stands for very low-density lipoprotein.
175
What is the main lipid in LDL?
Cholesterol esters and phospholipids
## Footnote
LDL is derived from chylomicrons and VLDL.
176
What is the main lipid in HDL?
Cholesterol esters and phospholipids
## Footnote
HDL is synthesized in the liver.
177
What does FFA stand for?
Free fatty acids
## Footnote
FFAs are transported bound to albumin in the bloodstream.
178
What is the protein content in chylomicrons?
2%
## Footnote
Chylomicrons contain Apo proteins A, B48, C, and E.
179
What is the protein content in VLDL?
12%
## Footnote
VLDL contains Apo proteins B100, C, and E.
180
What is the protein content in LDL?
22%
## Footnote
LDL contains Apo protein B100.
181
What is the protein content in HDL?
50%
## Footnote
HDL contains Apo proteins A, C, D, and E.
182
What is the protein content of free fatty acids bound to albumin?
99%
## Footnote
Albumin is the main transport protein for FFAs.
183
What are derived lipids?
Lipids produced by hydrolysis of simple or conjugated lipids or associated with lipids in nature
## Footnote
Includes fatty acids, ketone bodies, steroids, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins (K, E, A)
184
List the components included in derived lipids.
* Fatty Acids
* Ketone Bodies
* Steroids
* Carotenoids
* Fat Soluble Vitamins (K, E, A)
## Footnote
Derived lipids are produced through hydrolysis.
185
What is the steroid nucleus structure known as?
Cyclopentano-perhydro-phenanthrene (CPPP)
## Footnote
This structure is common in all steroid compounds.
186
Name two types of steroids and sterols based on origin.
* Cholesterol (animal origin)
* Ergosterol (plant origin)
## Footnote
These are the primary types of steroids and sterols categorized by their source.
187
What are the components of the Vitamin D group?
* Vitamin D2
* Vitamin D3
## Footnote
These vitamins are important for calcium metabolism.
188
What are bile salts?
Compounds derived from cholesterol that aid in digestion
## Footnote
Bile salts are essential for the emulsification of fats.
189
Name the types of steroid hormones.
* Male Sex Hormones
* Female Sex Hormones
* Adrenocortical Hormones
## Footnote
These hormones are crucial for various physiological functions.
190
What are digitalis glycosides?
Compounds derived from the foxglove plant, used to treat heart conditions
## Footnote
They have a significant role in management of heart failure.
191
What is the structure of cholesterol?
* Cyclopentano-perhydro-phenanthrene ring
* -OH group at C3
* 2 methyl groups at C10 & C13
* Long side chain at C17
## Footnote
The specific structure is crucial for its biological functions.
192
Where is body cholesterol predominantly found?
* Adrenal Cortex
* Liver and Kidney
* Brain and Nerve Tissue
## Footnote
Cholesterol is vital for cell membrane integrity and hormone production.
193
How does blood cholesterol occur?
In two forms: free form and esterified form
## Footnote
Esterified cholesterol is combined with fatty acids.
194
What is the normal level of blood cholesterol?
Less than 220 mg/dL
## Footnote
Levels above this threshold indicate hypercholesterolemia.
195
True or False: Hypercholesterolemia is defined as blood cholesterol levels exceeding 220 mg/dL.
True
## Footnote
Hypercholesterolemia can lead to cardiovascular diseases.
196
What are the properties of cholesterol?
* It is an alcohol, insoluble in water, soluble in fat solvents.
* It forms characteristic crystals with broken corners.
* It gives a positive Lieberman's test resulting in a bluish green color.
197
What are the functions of cholesterol?
* It enters the structure of every body cell, particularly:
* Cell membranes.
* Nervous tissue.
* Synthesis of steroid hormones.
* Synthesis of bile salts.
* Synthesis of vitamin D3.
198
What differentiates ergosterol from cholesterol?
* Extra double bond between C2 & C8.
* The side chain is unsaturated and has an extra methyl group.
199
What is the function of ergosterol?
It gives vitamin D2 by ultraviolet rays.
200
How is vitamin D3 derived?
Vitamin D3 is derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol by the rupture of the second ring by ultraviolet rays.
201
How is vitamin D2 derived?
Vitamin D2 is derived from ergosterol by the rupture of the second ring by ultraviolet rays.
202
What are bile acids and salts derived from?
Bile acids are hydroxyl derivatives of C24 steroid termed cholanic acid.
203
What are the types of bile acids?
* Primary bile acids.
* Secondary bile acids.
204
Name two primary bile acids.
* Cholic acid (3, 7, 12 trihydroxy cholanic acid).
* Chenodeoxycholic acid (3, 7 dihydroxycholanic acid).
205
What are secondary bile acids formed from?
Secondary bile acids are formed from primary bile acids by the action of intestinal bacteria (contain 7α dehydroxylase).
206
What is Deoxycholic acid?
3, 12 dihydroxy cholanic acid
## Footnote
A bile acid involved in the digestion and absorption of fats.
207
What is Lithocholic acid?
3 monohydroxy cholanic acid
## Footnote
Another bile acid important for fat digestion.
208
What are bile salts formed by?
Conjugation of bile acids with glycine or taurine followed by Na+ or K+
## Footnote
This process creates compounds such as Na glycocholate and Na taurocholate.
209
What is the significance of enterohepatic circulation?
Reabsorption of bile salts from the intestine back to the liver
## Footnote
This cycle is crucial for maintaining bile salt levels and fat digestion.
210
List the five importance of bile salts using the acronym MDAPS.
* Main way for excretion of cholesterol
* Digestion of fat due to emulsification
* Absorption of fat due to formation of micelle
* Prevents precipitation of cholesterol & formation of cholesterol stones
* Stimulates liver cells to secrete more bile (Choleretic effect)
## Footnote
Each function highlights a key role bile salts play in digestion and cholesterol management.
211
What are the types of steroid hormones?
* Sex Hormones
* Corticoids (C21)
* Male Sex Hormones (Androgens)
* Female Sex Hormones
* Glucocorticoids
* Mineralocorticoids
## Footnote
These hormones are involved in various physiological processes.
212
What is testosterone classified as?
A male sex hormone
## Footnote
It is one of the main androgens produced in the body.
213
What are carotenoids?
Natural pigments with yellow to red color
## Footnote
They play important roles in plant coloration and human health.
214
What are the main sources of carotenoids?
* Plant sources: carrots, oranges, apricots, apples, tomatoes
* Animal sources: fats, butter, milk, egg yolk
## Footnote
These sources contribute to the dietary intake of carotenoids.
215
What are the functions of carotenoids?
* Antioxidant
* Antimalignant
* Provitamin A
## Footnote
These functions highlight the health benefits of carotenoids.
216
Fill in the blank: Carotenoids are hydrocarbons formed only of _______ and _______.
carbons and hydrogen
## Footnote
Their structure is primarily based on carbon composition.
217
What is the structure of carotenoids based on?
Ionone rings connected to two isoprene units
## Footnote
This structural feature is essential for the function of carotenoids.
