BIOETHICS FINALS WK5

Question 1

◦Withdrawal of the penis before Ejaculation

Answer 1

CONTRACEPTION

Question 2

◦Abstinence

Answer 2

CONTRACEPTION

Question 3

◦Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

Answer 3

CONTRACEPTION

Question 4

◦oral contraceptives (birth control pills), subdermal implants
of synthetic progestin, transdermal patches
◦Emergency contraception: hormonal: levonorgestrel
pill

Answer 4

◦Hormonal: CONTRACEPTION

Question 5

tubal ligation and vasectomy

Answer 5

◦Surgical sterilization:

Question 6

◦Cancer cells, sperm, and ova all have a human genetic
code, and on the least restrictive definition of genetic
humanity, such cells would have a _________, implying that
if abortion is impermissible, then so is contraception and
chemotherapy

Answer 6

right to life,

Question 7

patients possess rights to
contraceptive treatment to reduce
unplanned pregnancy and their resort
to abortion

Answer 7

UTILITARIAN view

Question 8

◦emphasize that unless a woman can
control her reproductive capacities,
she will not be able to pursue her
personal and professional interests as
well as a man can.

Answer 8

FEMINISTS’ ETHICS view

Question 9

“access to family planning devices
such as contraceptives and
sterilization”

Answer 9

Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
Act of 2012

Question 10

◦defined as the premature termination of a
pregnancy resulting in the death of the
embryo or fetus, it is generally
understood to refer to the deliberate
termination of an unwanted pregnancy.
◦it is distinguished from miscarriage

Answer 10

ABORTION

Question 11

interruption of a pregnancy before the 20th week of
gestation at the woman’s request for reasons other than
maternal health or fetal disease.

Answer 11

ELECTIVE ABORTION:

Question 12

interruption of a pregnancy before the 20th week of
gestation because it endangers the mother’s life or health or
because the baby presumably would not be normal.

Answer 12

THERAPEUTIC ABORTION:

Question 13

the expulsion of the products of conception before the 20th
week of gestation without deliberate interference

Answer 13

spontaneous abortions/miscarriage:

Question 14

refers to the point at which the fetus is able to survive
independently of the mother

Answer 14

viability:

Question 15

◦abortion has been banned entirely for
over a century
◦mandate imprisonment for women
who undergo abortion, as well as for
any person who assists in the
procedure

Answer 15

Revised Penal Code of the
Philippines

Question 16

the implication that abortion is permissible in some cases but
not in others.

Answer 16

Judith Jarvis Thomson

Question 17

argues that the right to life does not always
outweigh the right to decide what happens in and to one’s
own body or, more generally, that the right to life is not a right
to whatever one happens to need to go on living.

Answer 17

Thomson

Question 18

There are various reasons why abortion
might be considered:

Answer 18

the woman is herself virtually a child
◦ the woman already has more children than she can manage
◦ having a child at this time will interfere with a career
◦ having a child at this time will involve loss of earnings
◦ the woman is a rape victim
◦ the woman is a sexually abused eleven-year-old
◦ the woman has already had three children by Caesarian section
◦ the woman was deserted by her partner when he learned of the pregnancy
◦ the woman is severely mentally defective
◦ the woman is homeless
◦ the fetus is believed to be defective
◦ the woman’s life or health is seriously threatened.

Question 19

◦The oldest, well established procedure in cases
of untreatable male infertility which has been
regulated and submitted to standard medical
guidelines in most developed countries

Answer 19

Artificial Insemination:

Question 20

When the husband’s semen is used
◦ homologous or from the husband

Answer 20

AIh:

Question 21

Artificial Insemination by Donor
◦ Donor’s sperm is used

Answer 21

AID:

Question 22

becoming
popular because many donor-conceived persons have a
desire and interest in finding out about where they came
from

Answer 22

Anonymous & non-anonymous sperm donations

Question 23

◦ an attempt to reproduce while simultaneously
rendering reproduction not an act of personal
union but a technological procedure.

Answer 23

Artificial insemination by donor (Aid)

Question 24

The principle of the inseparability of the unitive
and procreative meanings of sexuality demands
that:

Answer 24

a. the procreative purpose of the sexual act not be deliberately destroyed so as to render a
naturally fertile act sterile;

b. that the procreative purpose of the sexual act not be achieved in isolation from the unitive
expression of the couple’s love

Question 25

a more radical erosion of the natural bond between parent and child than AIH because it also involves a violation of the nontransferable and inalienable rights to procreation that married partners give one another.

Answer 25

AId:

Question 26

does not justify her obtaining a child by an act of adultery ◦ semen donor himself is being sexually exploited like a prostitute

Answer 26

AId:

Question 27

◦a process whereby egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb.

Answer 27

in vitro fertilization (IVF):

Question 28

◦involves removing a ripe egg from a woman and in a glass (in vitro) mixing it with some semen so that fertilization takes place

Answer 28

in vitro fertilization (IVF):

Question 29

◦the resulting embryo is then transferred to a woman's uterus where it is hoped it will implant and subsequently develop.

Answer 29

in vitro fertilization (IVF):

Question 30

Terms of in vitro fertilization

Answer 30

Ectogenesis: Embryo: In vitro:

Question 31

The creation and gestation of a human baby outside the maternal womb

Answer 31

Ectogenesis:

Question 32

A term for the developing human being during the first 8 weeks after fertilization

Answer 32

Embryo:

Question 33

Outside the human uterus

Answer 33

In vitro:

Question 34

◦giving people the freedom to choose their children in this way could lead to further ethical problems

Answer 34

Sex selection:

Question 35

◦The bearing of a child by a woman with the aim of turning it over to another woman

Answer 35

surrogate motherhood

Question 36

◦a woman who gives birth after carrying the fertilized ovum of another woman or, more commonly, after being artificially inseminated with sperm from the biological father.

Answer 36

surrogate motherhood

Question 37

◦thought to be a 'treatment' option for the infertile ◦an alternative to adoption ◦fulfill peoples desires to be parents

Answer 37

Surrogacy:

Question 38

Problems & issues of Surrogate Motherhood

Answer 38

Question of morality ◦ Payment ◦ Exploitation ◦ Surrogate motherhood vs. conventional motherhood Conflict of rights

Question 39

◦ concern about surrogate mother hood involves the true nature of mothering

Answer 39

Question of morality

Question 40

raises an ethical question around whether surrogacy is different from other kinds of paid work

Answer 40

Payment

Question 41

The infertile couple and the surrogate mother are highly vulnerable to exploitation. ◦ “Womb renting”

Answer 41

Exploitation

Question 42

Is “motherhood” merely the biological act of bearing children?

Answer 42

Surrogate motherhood vs. conventional motherhood

Question 43

dispute revolves around who has the strongest claim to the child

Answer 43

Conflict of rights

Question 44

◦a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases.

Answer 44

Stem cell technology

Question 45

◦predominant methods being used to derive or attempt to derive human embryonic stem cells require destruction of the embryo

Answer 45

Stem cell technology

Question 46

Issues and concerns in Stem cell technology

Answer 46

◦Oocyte harvesting ◦Embryo destruction

Question 47

the crime of forcing somebody to have sex with one especially with violence.

Answer 47

rape

Question 48

an act of sexual violence that involves intercourse without consent or against someone being willing to engage in the act

Answer 48

(Brigneti and Egbonimali, 2002). rape

Question 49

◦Sexual intercourse with a person below the age of consent.

Answer 49

Satutory rape

Question 50

Effects of rape

Answer 50

◦Physical trauma, possible infection, possible pregnancy depression anxiety, PTSD, sense of diminished self-worth and negative sexuality issues

Question 51

Issues:

Answer 51

◦Violation of basic human rights ◦Violation of personhood ◦Violation of sexuality as an expression of mutual love for the sexual act to be performed ◦prevention of pregnancy raises special ethical problems ◦Ethical problems arise in the treatment of rape victims when methods are proposed that probably prevent conception but that

Question 52

Care of victims:

Answer 52

1. To offer the psychological support and counseling 2. To provide medical care for injuries 3. gather evidence to be used if the rapist is apprehended and prosecuted. 4. To provide treatment to prevent possible venereal disease and pregnancy.

Question 53

◦An act, whether of commission or omission, and whether performed by himself or others, by which an individual autonomously intends to bring about his death because he wishes to be dead, either in order to avoid a life he does not wish to live or as a means to achieving some other purpose.

Answer 53

suicide

Question 54

◦A feigned act of suicide (which may, but need not, involve self-harm), at the end of which the protagonist wishes, intends, and expects to be alive.

Answer 54

Gestured suicide

Question 55

◦person who believes that in general we should intervene in the suicidal acts of others because suicide can never be in a person’s best interests and/or because it is morally wrong.

Answer 55

Suicide conservative

Question 56

◦person who believes that in general we should not intervene in the suicidal acts of others because autonomy is centrally important in the life of persons, and thus we each have the right to do what we will with our lives, even if we wish to give them up.

Answer 56

Suicide liberal

Question 57

◦a general term that refers to documents that “formally convey an individual’s wishes about medical decisions to be made in the event that he or she loses decision–making capacity”

Answer 57

Advance Directives:

Question 58

Types of Advance Directives:

Answer 58

The living will Durable power of attorney for health care/Medical power of attorney (DPOA-HC) Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders

Question 59

a legal document used to state certain future health care decisions only when a person becomes unable to make the decisions and choices on their own

Answer 59

The living will

Question 60

legal document in which you name a person to be a proxy (agent) to make all your health care decisions if you become unable to do so.

Answer 60

Durable power of attorney for health care/Medical power of attorney (DPOA-HC)

Question 61

A POLST form also helps describe your wishes for health care (not an advance directive)

Answer 61

Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment

Question 62

medical staff will try to re-start your heart and breathing using methods such as CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and AED (automated external defibrillator).

Answer 62

Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders

Question 63

Limitations and issues of living wills & dpoa-hc:

Answer 63

◦Address only a narrow range of end-of-life decisions ◦Preferences often change as they develop a progressive illness or as their values or priorities change over time. ◦When DPOA-HC have joint appointments can create conflicts and complications

Question 64

a medical order written by a doctor where it instructs health care providers not to do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient's breathing stops or if the patient's heart stops beating.

Answer 64

Do not resuscitate (dnr):

Question 65

Some Issues on dnr:

Answer 65

DNR discussions are delayed until it is too late for the patients to participate in decisions regarding resuscitation. ◦Physicians do not provide adequate information to allow patients to make informed decisions ◦Physicians inappropriately estimate the value of DNR orders to limit other treatments ◦Issues for those relying on religion as the main source for their moral and ethical codes. ◦DNR was construed as either the patient was not worth to saving his/ her life or the family did not care enough to save the patient's life.

Question 66

Nurse’s responsibilities -Do not resuscitate (dnr):

Answer 66

Clinical nurses actively participate in timely and frequent discussions on changing goals of care and initiate DNR discussions with patients and their families and significant others. * Clinical nurses ensure that DNR orders are clearly documented, reviewed, and updated periodically to reflect changes in the patient’s condition. * nurses ensure that, whenever possible, the DNR decision is a subject of explicit discussion between the health care team, patient, and family (or designated surrogate), and that actions taken are in accordance with the patient’s wishes. * nurses facilitate and participate in interdisciplinary mechanisms for the resolution of disputes among patients, families, and clinicians’ DNR orders.

Question 67

◦also known as mercy killing, and assisted suicide

Answer 67

Euthanasia

Question 68

◦Deliberately bringing about the death of a person who’s suffering from an incurable disease or condition, either actively or passively

Answer 68

Euthanasia

Question 69

should allow people to die in dignity and without pain

Answer 69

◦Beneficence:

Question 70

our bodies are our own, and we should be allowed to do what we want with them

Answer 70

◦Rights-based argument:

Question 71

Euthanasia – CONS

Answer 71

◦The sanctity of life: ◦Euthanasia as murder: ◦The role of palliative care ◦The rights of vulnerable patients ◦The doctor-patient relationship and the physician’s role

Question 72

◦"difficult or painful death, used to indicate the extension of the dying process through treatment that only prolongs patients' biological life.

Answer 72

Dysthanasia

Question 73

◦Also called Dysthanasia

Answer 73

◦Therapeutic intensification ◦ therapeutic obstinacy ◦ therapeutic fierceness ◦futility therapy or medical futility

Question 74

term generally used when a person is kept alive artificially, in a condition where otherwise they cannot survive

Answer 74

Dysthanasia

Question 75

◦A normal or natural manner of death and dying

Answer 75

Orthonasia

Question 76

Possibilities for Orthonasia

Answer 76

1. when the treatment to prolong life is useless or futile 2. when the prolongation of life or the postponement of death is unduly burdensome in the first place for the patient and the family 3. when the patient needs painkillers or medical sedation, which does not intend the death of the patient.

Question 77

Orthonasia (pros)

Answer 77

◦Death with dignity ◦Less sufferings

Question 78

Orthonasia (cons)

Answer 78

◦Not respecting the sanctity of life ◦Allowing patient to die

Question 79

◦patient who has decision-making capacity appropriate to the decision at hand has the right to decline any medical intervention or ask that an intervention be stopped, even when that decision is expected to lead to his or her death and regardless of whether or not the individual is terminally ill.

Answer 79

Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment

Question 80

When is it justifiable to discontinue life-sustaining treatments?

Answer 80

◦If the patient has the ability to make decisions & fully understands the consequences ◦If the treatment no longer offers benefit to the patient

Question 81

Who are qualified to refuse treatment? And be justifiable:

Answer 81

◦patients that have serious illness with limited life expectancy ◦Patients with advance directives

Question 82

Nurse must ensure patient’s capacity to make decisions:

Answer 82

▪ understands the clinical information presented ▪ appreciates his/her situation, including consequences with treatment refusal ▪is able to display reason in deliberating about their choices ▪is able to clearly communicate their choice.

Question 83

End of Life Issues

Answer 83

Suicide Gestured Suicide Suicide Conservative Suicide Liberal

Question 84

Mechanical Barrier

Answer 84

Vaginal Diaphragm Vaginal Ring Cervical Cap Condom

Question 85

Chemical Barrier

Answer 85

Insertion of spermicidal foams Creams Jellies Suppositories into vagina before intercourse

Question 86

◦It is the crime of forcefully having sex with someone against the person's wish

Answer 86

Cheud, 2012

Question 87

: life is given by God, and only God should decide when to end it.

Answer 87

The Sanctity of Life

Question 88

principle of autonomy forbids the voluntary ending of LIFE

Answer 88

Euthanasia as murder

Question 89

often argued that pain and suffering experienced by patients can be relieved by administering appropriate palliative care

Answer 89

The role of palliative care

Question 90

◦ coercion of patients receiving costly treatments to accept euthanasia

Answer 90

The rights of vulnerable patients

Question 91

undermine the doctor-patient relationship, destroying the trust and confidence built

Answer 91

The doctors-patients relationship and the physician's role.