BIOETHICS_WK 6 Flashcards by Mikhaelle Guradillo

a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your
immune system, HIV interferes with your body’s ability to fight
infection and disease

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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HIV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can also be
spread by contact with infected blood or from mother to child
during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-feeding. Without
medication, it may take years before HIV weakens your
immune system to the point that you have AID

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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Transmission of HIV

blood
semen
vaginal fluids
breast milk
perinatal events

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a particular disease which entirely affects the infected persons

physical appearance
mental
morale
close relatives
social relations

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Key population at increased rish of HIV-aids

injecting drug users (IDU)
male and female sex workers
men who have sex with m

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Psychosocial Issues Among HIV/AIDS patients

Emotional
Behavioral
Fear
Loss of future and ambitions
Guilt
Grief
Isolation
Resentment at changes in living patterns.
Depression due to absence of a cure, loss of personal control, etc.
Anxiety about prognosis, social, occupational, domestic, and sexual hostility and rejection.
Anger about the helplessness of the situation, unfair fate, others who are infection-free, health care workers, and others who discriminate.
Loss of self-esteem due to rejection, loss of confidence, loss of identity, physical impact of HIV infection, etc.
Obsession due to pre-occupation with health.
Suicidal thoughts and acts

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shock, numbness, disbelief, confusion, uncertainty about present and future, denial, guilt,
frequent changes of mood, sadness, and concern about the future.

Emotional

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crying, anger expressed verbally and physically, withdrawal, checking the body for signs of
infection/deterioration

Behavioral

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f pain, death, disability, loss of functioning, loss of privacy/confidentiality, desertion, etc

Fear

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physical attractiveness and potency, sexual relationship, status in
community, independence, control over life, and confidenc

Loss of future and ambitions

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behavior that resulted in HIV infection, infecting others, and disrupting the life of others

Guilt

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over the loss of health.

Grief

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due to social stigma.

Isolation

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Screening issues: A conflict between

The necessity to protect the population health in general.

The necessity to protect people as free individuals having rights

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Application of the principle of common good

The necessity to protect the population health in general.

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respecting patient’s autonomy (privacy & confidentiality)

The necessity to protect people as free individuals having rights

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Discrimination results to hesitation to give care, and gossiping
about patient’s extra marital relationship, create a kind of guilty
feeling, grief, depression, fear, anger, suicidal thought, and act of
self isolation and loss of self-esteem in the patien

Stigmatization Follows the Discrimination of HIV Patients

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Ethical Responsibilities

respect the dignity of their patients by observing privacy and confidentiality

respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice

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The psychiatric interventions for patients with HIV/AIDS are as follows:

Helping the patients changes risky behavior, thus promoting prevention of HIV infection.

Helping patients during the difficult process of HIV testing (pre- and post-test counselling).
Helping to establish the diagnosis and treatment of other psychiatric illnesses commonly seen in
patients with HIV.
Implementing psychosocial interventions like psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy,
counselling, etc.
Helping patients, their families, and others in their lives with interpersonal problems related to
HIV/AIDS.
Assisting AIDS patients during the final phase of their illnes

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Role of the Nurse in Protecting aids Patients

Nurse as advocate—change agent

Nurse as counsellor, communicator

Active implementer responsible and accountable nurse

Nurse as a comforter

Veracity, fidelity towards HIV patien

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Resource allocation is a central part of the decision-making
process in any health care system.

Allocation of Scarce Health Resources

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An attempt to answers to concerns about high cost and complaints about
the quality of care are explained by the conditions under which
administrative and care decisions are made on a day-to-day basis

changing the structure of health care system in order to
achieve cost containment

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This makes it challenging to meet the medical needs of all

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o increased life expectancy and limited health budgets

o continuous physical shortages of resources like donor organ

Allocation of Scarce Health Resources: issues being faced

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Increased spending on health care

Health care administrators gear towards profitability

Evaluation for the fairness of allocation for scarce medical
resources

Allocation of Scarce Health Resources: principles relevant for decision-making

Autonomy Beneficence Justice

consideration for privacy, individual liberty, and freedom of choice is usually focused on the individual.

Autonomy

s the overall goal of policy and practice. Usually interpreted broadly in light of societal, population, or organizational needs

Beneficence

equity in benefits is the core of public health.

Justice

Evaluate the fairness of ten allocation principles for scarce medical resources

sickest first waiting list prognosis behavior instrumental value combination of criteria reciprocity youngest first, lottery monetary contribution

information identifiable to any person, including, but not limited to, information that relate

Personal Information

name health finances education business receipt of governmental services addresses telephone numbers social security numbers driver license numbers other identifying numbers any financial identifiers

Refers to both the practice and the study of the activities a person performs in order to acquire or create, store, organize, maintain, retrieve, use, and distribute the information needed to complete tasks and fulfill various roles and responsibili

Personal Information Management

Personal Information Management Issues

reliability, speed, efficiency, and usability of medical records increased the ability for information to be misused, sold, and accessed without an individual’s consent

Principles related to Personal Information

Autonomy Fidelity

the capacity to observe and make sense or meaning is central to one’s ability to make ethical choices and to take moral action

Moral discernment

Principles are necessary for moral discernment

Helps in interpreting important aspects of moral situations Points towards fulfilling ones duties (like keep secrets, tell the truth

Principles are absolute and do not allow any legitimate exceptions, the only morally good act is to obey and refrain the forbidden action.

Using Principles for moral discernment

There are other principles that are generally applicable, but not always so.

Principle of autonomy (confidentiality) but may be breeched (nonmaleficence) due to the demands of justice

Framework for Ethical Discernment

Observe Deliberate Act

FOUR PRINCIPLES OF MORAL DISCERNMENT/ JUDGMENT

Principle of Formal Cooperation Principle of Material Cooperation Principle of Lesser Evil Principle of Double Effect

Conscience

the act by which we apply to our own conduct our knowledge of good and evil, whether our judgment be correct or incorrect.

Principle of well-formed conscience

▪indicates that people are obligated to inform themselves about ethical norms, incorporate that knowledge into their daily lives, act according to that knowledge, and take responsibility for those actions.

Principle of well-formed conscience

Inform themselves as adequately as possible about the relevant facts and ethical norms. Form a morally certain judgment of conscience on the basis of this information. Act according to this well-informed conscience. \Accept responsibility for their own actions.

developed a model for ethical decision making incorporating the nursing process and principles of biomedical ethics.

▪ Crisham (1985)

The MORAL Decision-Making Model

Massage the dilemma: Outline options: Review criteria and resolve: Affirm position and act: Look back:

The MORAL Decision-Making strategies

1. recognizing personal circumstances, 2. anticipating consequences, 3. considering others’ perspectives, 4. seeking help, 5. questioning your own judgment, 6. dealing with emotions, and 7. examining personal values.

ethical paradox or moral dilemma

Ethical dilemma

approaches to solve an ethical dilemma

REFUTE THE PARADOX (dilemma): ▪VALUE THEORY APPROACH: ▪ FIND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS:

aimed to protect human subjects from enduring the kind of cruelty and exploitation the prisoners endured at concentration camps.

Nuremberg Code

The 10 elements of the Nuremberg code

1. Voluntary consent is essential 2. The results of any experiment must be for the greater good of society 3. Human experiments should be based on previous animal experimentation 4. Experiments should be conducted by avoiding physical/mental suffering and injury 5. No experiments should be conducted if it is believed to cause death/disability 6. The risks should never exceed the benefits 7. Adequate facilities should be used to protect subjects 8. Experiments should be conducted only by qualified scientists 9. Subjects should be able to end their participation at any time 10. The scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment when injury, disability, or death is likely to occur

a formal statement developed by the World Medical Association that provides ethical guidelines that physicians and other medical research participants should adhere to when conducting research that uses human subjects.

Declaration of Helsinki

In 1948 the WMA’s Declaration of Geneva issued documents:

1. Outline of every physician’s ethical duties (which included pledges to focus on the health of the patient) and, 2. Not to use medical knowledge to violate human rights.

a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that provide an analytical framework to guide the resolution of ethical problems that arise from research with human subjects

Belmort Report

Belmort Created by

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.

▪Advancement in technology does not elicit ethical or moral issues, but it is the use of technological inventions that raises these issues.

Current technology

Helix and DNA Tests The Robot Priest Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition Ransomware The Textalyzer AI or “DEEP LEARNING” SENTENCING SOFTWARE PREDATORY JOURNALS THE PSEUDOSCIENCE OF SKINCARE PROJECT NIGHTINGALE

one of the largest private healthcare systems in the United States, ranking second in the United States by number of hospitals

Ascension-

BIOETHICS_WK 6 Flashcards

(57 cards)