Bioinformatics

Question 1

is the interdisciplinary science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
biological data using computational techniques.

Answer 1

Bioinformatics

Question 2

It primarily deals with data derived from genome
sequences, protein structures, and gene expression.

Answer 2

Bioinformatics

Question 3

bridges the gap between biology and computer science. It has become an
essential tool in research areas like genomics, systems biology, drug discovery, and personalized
medicine.

Answer 3

Bioinformatics

Question 4

represents the raw or processed information obtained from experiments in
genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, etc

Answer 4

Biological data

Question 5

Data Type (5)

Answer 5

Nucleotide Sequences
Protein Sequences
Genomic Data
Expression Data
Structural Data

Question 6

what type of data:

DNA/RNA sequences

Answer 6

Nucleotide
Sequences

Question 7

what type of data:

Amino acid chains of protein

Answer 7

Protein Sequences

Question 8

what type of data:

Whole genome sequences and variants

Answer 8

Genomic Data

Question 9

what type of data:

Data from gene expression studies (e.g.
RNA-Seq)

Answer 9

Expression Data

Question 10

what type of data:

3D structures of biomolecules

Answer 10

Structural Data

Question 11

examples of Nucleotide
Sequences (2)

Answer 11

GenBank, EMBL

Question 12

examples of Protein Sequences (2)

Answer 12

UniProt, PDB

Question 13

examples of Genomic Data (2)

Answer 13

Ensembl, UCSC Genome
Browser

Question 14

examples of Expression Data (2)

Answer 14

GEO, ArrayExpress

Question 15

example of Structural Data

Answer 15

RCSB PDB

Question 16

are organized collections of biological data that are accessible
online and used for research and analysis.

Answer 16

Bioinformatics databases

Question 17

These databases are interconnected and often cross
reference each other to provide comprehensive biological insights

Answer 17

Bioinformatics databases

Question 18

Types of Bioinformatics databases (3)

Answer 18

primary
secondary
tertiary

Question 19

what type of bioinformatics database:

Contain raw data like nucleotide sequences (e.g., ____).

Answer 19

Primary databases; GenBank

Question 20

what type of bioinformatics database:

Contain analyzed and interpreted data (e.g., __for protein
families).

Answer 20

Secondary databases; Pfam

Question 21

what type of bioinformatics database:

Provide curated and integrated data (e.g., ___for human genetic
disorders).

Answer 21

Tertiary databases; OMIM

Question 22

arranges DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to identify regions of
similarity.

Answer 22

Sequence alignment

Question 23

are essential for gene annotation, identifying conserved regions, and
understanding evolutionary relationships.

Answer 23

Alignments

Question 24

types of Sequence Alignment (2)

Answer 24

Pairwise Alignment;
Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA):

Question 25

what type of Sequence Alignment: Comparison between two sequences (e.g., ___,___).

Answer 25

Pairwise Alignment; BLAST, FASTA

Question 26

what type of Sequence Alignment: Aligning more than two sequences simultaneously (e.g., __, __).

Answer 26

Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA): Clustal Omega, MUSCLE

Question 27

__ and ___ are used to score alignments based on evolutionary conservation.

Answer 27

PAM and BLOSUM matrices

Question 28

___identifies the locations of genes in a genome, while ___involves assigning functions to these genes.

Answer 28

Gene prediction; annotation

Question 29

Annotations often use ____ terms for standardization.

Answer 29

Gene Ontology (GO)

Question 30

Applications of Bioinformatics 5

Answer 30

Drug Discovery: Personalized Medicine Comparative Genomics: Functional Genomics: Systems Biology:

Question 31

Identification of drug targets and simulation of drug-receptor interactions

Answer 31

Drug Discovery:

Question 32

Tailoring treatment based on individual genetic profiles.

Answer 32

Personalized Medicine:

Question 33

Understanding evolutionary relationships.

Answer 33

Comparative Genomics:

Question 34

Investigating gene functions and regulatory networks.

Answer 34

Functional Genomics:

Question 35

Modeling complex interactions within biological systems.

Answer 35

Systems Biology:

Question 36

helps in identifying unknown genes, assessing homology, and understanding phylogenetic relationships.

Answer 36

BLAST

Question 37

Use to identify homologous genes using the ___tool.

Answer 37

BLAST

Question 38

steps in using BLAST (4)

Answer 38

1. Obtain a DNA sequence 2. Go to NCBI BLAST 3. Paste the sequence in the BLASTN tool 4. Run the search and interpret the results

Question 39

Current Trends in Bioinformatics (2024-2025): 6

Answer 39

AI & ML in Bioinformatics: Single-Cell Omics: Cloud Computing Long-Read Sequencing: Multi-Omics Integration CRISPR Analytics:

Question 40

Used for protein structure prediction (e.g., AlphaFold), drug interaction prediction.

Answer 40

AI & ML in Bioinformatics:

Question 41

Enables high-resolution understanding of cell-specific expression.

Answer 41

Single-Cell Omics:

Question 42

Facilitates storage and analysis of large biological datasets.

Answer 42

Cloud Computing:

Question 43

Technologies like Oxford Nanopore improve genome assemblies.

Answer 43

Long-Read Sequencing:

Question 44

Combines genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics for holistic insights.

Answer 44

Multi-Omics Integration:

Question 45

Bioinformatics tools assist in off-target effect prediction and guide RNA design.

Answer 45

CRISPR Analytics: