Neurobiology and Behavior: Pt. 1

Question 1

____is the study of the structure and function of the nervous system and its impact on
behavior.

Answer 1

Neurobiology

Question 2

___, refers to the actions and responses of organisms, shaped by both biological
and environmental influences.

Answer 2

Behavior

Question 3

—a condition where amputees feel pain in a limb that no longer exists. This
phenomenon illustrates how neural circuits in the brain continue to interpret signals even when the limb is
missing.

Answer 3

phantom limb pain

Question 4

The nervous system is divided into two main components:

Answer 4

Central Nervous System (CNS) ;
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 5

CNS comprises the 2

Answer 5

brain;
spinal cord

Question 6

: The command center of the body, responsible for processing information.

Answer 6

Brain

Question 7

: Transmits signals between the brain and body, playing a crucial role in reflexes.

Answer 7

Spinal Cord

Question 8

2 divisions of PNS

Answer 8

Somatic Nervous System;
Autonomic Nervous System

Question 9

Controls voluntary movements (e.g., moving your arm)

Answer 9

Somatic Nervous System:

Question 10

: Regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and
digestion.

Answer 10

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Question 11

autonomic nervous system is divided into 2:

Answer 11

Sympathetic Nervous System;
Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 12

: Activates “fight or flight” response.

Answer 12

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 13

: Promotes “rest and digest” functions

Answer 13

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 14

are specialized cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals

Answer 14

Neurons

Question 15

Structure of a Neuron: 5

Answer 15

Dendrites
Cell body (soma)
Axon
Myelin sheath
Axon terminals

Question 16

Neuron structure:

– Receive incoming signals from other neurons

Answer 16

Dendrites

Question 17

Neuron structure:

– Processes the information

Answer 17

Cell Body (Soma)

Question 18

Neuron structure:

– Sends the electrical signal to other neurons.

Answer 18

Axon

Question 19

Neuron structure:

– Insulates the axon to speed up signal transmission.

Answer 19

Myelin Sheath

Question 20

Neuron structure:

– Release neurotransmitters to communicate with the next neuron.

Answer 20

Axon Terminals

Question 21

In ____disease, neurons that produce ____(a neurotransmitter important for movement) die
off, leading to tremors and slow movement.

Answer 21

Parkinson’s ; dopamine

Question 22

Electrical Signaling: ___
Chemical Signaling: ___

Answer 22

Action Potentials;
Neurotransmitters

Question 23

is a rapid electrical impulse that travels down an axon.
 It follows the all-or-none principle: the neuron either fires or it doesn’t.

Answer 23

action potential

Question 24

Neurotransmitters are chemicals released at the ____(gap between neurons).

Answer 24

synapse

Question 25

"the neuron either fires or it doesn’t."

Answer 25

all-or-none principle:

Question 26

Examples of Neurotransmitters: 2

Answer 26

Excitatory (stimulate activity): Inhibitory (reduce activity):

Question 27

Excitatory (stimulate activity): 2

Answer 27

Glutamate – o Dopamine

Question 28

– Major excitatory neurotransmitter, crucial for learning.

Answer 28

Glutamate

Question 29

– Involved in pleasure and reward.

Answer 29

Dopamine

Question 30

Inhibitory (reduce activity) neurotransmitters: 2

Answer 30

o GABA. o Serotonin

Question 31

– Calms the brain, reducing anxiety

Answer 31

o GABA.

Question 32

– Regulates mood, sleep, and appetite.

Answer 32

o Serotonin

Question 33

Drugs like ____are used to treat depression by increasing serotonin levels in the brain.

Answer 33

SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

Question 34

Brain Regions and Their Role in Behavior (3)

Answer 34

Forebrain: Cognitive and Emotional Midbrain: Relay and Reflex Hindbrain: Basic Survival

Question 35

parts under forebrain

Answer 35

Cerebral Cortex; Limbic System:

Question 36

Controls higher cognitive functions like reasoning and language.

Answer 36

Cerebral Cortex:

Question 37

The emotional center of the brain.

Answer 37

Limbic System:

Question 38

parts of Limbic System: 3

Answer 38

Amygdala; Hippocampus; Hypothalamus

Question 39

– Processes emotions like fear and aggression.

Answer 39

Amygdala

Question 40

– Crucial for learning and memory.

Answer 40

Hippocampus

Question 41

– Regulates hunger, thirst, and hormones

Answer 41

Hypothalamus

Question 42

People with damage to the ___(e.g., ___patients) struggle to form new memories.

Answer 42

hippocampus ;Alzheimer’s

Question 43

parts of Midbrain (2)

Answer 43

Substantia Nigra: Superior Colliculus

Question 44

produces dopamine; degeneration leads to Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 44

Substantia Nigra:

Question 45

: Controls visual reflexes (e.g., automatically turning your head toward movement).

Answer 45

Superior Colliculus

Question 46

Hindbrain parts (3)

Answer 46

Cerebellum; Medulla; Pons

Question 47

: Coordinates movement and balance.

Answer 47

Cerebellum

Question 48

: Regulates breathing and heart rate.

Answer 48

Medulla

Question 49

: Assists with sleep and arousal.

Answer 49

Pons

Question 50

Alcohol impairs the ___, leading to loss of coordination and balance.

Answer 50

cerebellum

Question 51

are automatic responses controlled by simple neural circuits

Answer 51

Reflexes

Question 52

____are hardwired actions

Answer 52

Instinctive behaviors

Question 53

: The brain's ability to change with experience.

Answer 53

Neuroplasticity

Question 54

Strengthening of synapses, essential for memory.

Answer 54

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP):

Question 55

Taxi drivers in London have larger ___due to extensive navigation experience

Answer 55

hippocampi

Question 56

The ___processes emotions like fear.

Answer 56

amygdala

Question 57

___promotes bonding and trust in social interactions.

Answer 57

Oxytocin

Question 58

The reward system (___) drives motivation and addiction.

Answer 58

dopamine

Question 59

People with antisocial personality disorder often show reduced ____activity, leading to a lack of empathy.

Answer 59

amygdala

Question 60

Depression: Linked to low __ and ___

Answer 60

serotonin and dopamine.

Question 61

_____: Excess dopamine causes hallucinations.

Answer 61

Schizophrenia

Question 62

____Disease: Plaque buildup leads to neuron death in the ____

Answer 62

Alzheimer’s ;hippocampus

Question 63

is used to treat Parkinson’s by delivering electrical impulses to restore normal movement.

Answer 63

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Question 64

– The Genetic Basis of Brain Function and Behavior

Answer 64

Neurogenomics

Question 65

is the study of how genes influence the development, function, and behavior of the nervous system.

Answer 65

Neurogenomics

Question 66

Neurogenomics integrates (3) to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and neurological disorders.

Answer 66

genetics, neuroscience, and bioinformatics