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Special Topics FINALS > Neurobiology and Behavior: Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Neurobiology and Behavior: Pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The development of the nervous system is regulated by specific genes and signaling pathways that
control: 4

A

Neurogenesis;
Neuronal migration;
Synaptogenesis;
Myelination

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2
Q

– Formation of new neurons.

A

Neurogenesis

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3
Q

– Movement of neurons to their correct locations.

A

Neuronal migration

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4
Q

– Formation of synaptic connections.

A

Synaptogenesis

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5
Q

– Insulation of axons to improve signal transmission.

A

Myelination

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6
Q

Key Genes in Brain Development: 4

A

PAX6;
SHH (Sonic Hedgehog);
FOXP2;
BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor)

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7
Q

– Regulates neural stem cell differentiation.

A

PAX6

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8
Q

– Guides neural tube formation and cell patterning.

A

SHH (Sonic Hedgehog)

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9
Q

– Essential for speech and language development.

A

FOXP2

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10
Q

– Supports neuron survival and plasticity.

A

BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor)

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11
Q

Mutations in ___are linked to speech disorders, highlighting its role in human language evolution.

A

FOXP2

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12
Q

___refers to heritable changes in gene expression without altering DNA sequences.

A

Epigenetics

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13
Q

Epigenetic changes are influenced by: 3

A

DNA Methylation;
Histone Modification;
Non-coding RNAs

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14
Q

– Silences genes by adding methyl groups.

A

DNA Methylation

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15
Q

– Alters chromatin structure to regulate gene accessibility.

A

Histone Modification

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16
Q

– Regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally.

A

Non-coding RNAs

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17
Q

Early-life stress can lead to increased ___of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (___),
making individuals more prone to anxiety and depression.

A

methylation; NR3C1

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18
Q

contribute to complex behaviors by regulating neurotransmitters, neural circuits, and synaptic
plasticity.

A

Genes

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19
Q

genes involved in Intelligence and Cognitive Function (3)

A

CHRM2;
NRG1 and DISC1;
APOE4

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20
Q

– Linked to working memory and cognitive flexibility.

A

CHRM2

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21
Q

__ and ___ – Involved in synaptic connectivity and learning.

A

NRG1 and DISC1

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22
Q

– Associated with Alzheimer’s disease risk.

A

APOE4

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23
Q

genes involved in Personality and Emotional Regulation: 3

A

SERT (Serotonin Transporter Gene, 5-HTTLPR);
DRD4 (Dopamine Receptor D4);
COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase)

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24
Q

____– Affects anxiety and depression risk.

A

SERT (Serotonin Transporter Gene, 5-HTTLPR)

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25
– Linked to novelty-seeking behavior.
DRD4 (Dopamine Receptor D4)
26
– Influences risk-taking and emotional control.
COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase)
27
Individuals with the __allele of ___ are more prone to depression in response to stress compared to those with the long allele.
short; 5-HTTLPR
28
strong genetic components in Schizophrenia (3)
Polygenic disorder; DISC1 (Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1); Complement Component 4 (C4)
29
______ involving multiple risk genes.
Polygenic disorder
30
– Affects synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment.
DISC1 (Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1)
31
– Overactivity linked to excessive synaptic pruning.
Complement Component 4 (C4)
32
strong genetic components in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): 3
SHANK3; FMR1 (Fragile X Mental Retardation 1); MECP2
33
– Regulates synaptic function; mutations impair social behaviors.
SHANK3
34
– Loss of function leads to Fragile X syndrome.
FMR1 (Fragile X Mental Retardation 1)
35
– Mutations cause Rett syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder
MECP2
36
strong genetic components in Alzheimer's Disease (2)
APOE4; PSEN1 & PSEN2 (Presenilin Genes)
37
– Major genetic risk factor. of Alzheimer's Disease
APOE4
38
– Mutations cause early-onset Alzheimer's.
PSEN1 & PSEN2 (Presenilin Genes)
39
People with ____copies of ___have a much higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease compared to those with APOE3 or APOE2.
two ; APOE4
40
: Tailoring Treatment to Genetics
Pharmacogenomics
41
Depression and Antidepressant Response (2)
SLC6A4 (Serotonin Transporter Gene); CYP2D6
42
___– Affects response to SSRIs (e.g., __).
SLC6A4 (Serotonin Transporter Gene) ; Prozac
43
– Enzyme that metabolizes antidepressants; mutations alter drug efficacy.
CYP2D6
44
Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment (2)
DRD2 (Dopamine Receptor D2); HLA Genes
45
Target for antipsychotic drugs.
DRD2 (Dopamine Receptor D2)
46
– Associated with adverse reactions to clozapine (an antipsychotic).
HLA Genes
47
New technologies that aim to correct genetic defects in brain disorders: 3
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing; Stem Cell Therapy; Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs)
48
Used to repair disease-causing mutations (e.g., Huntington’s disease).
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing
49
Potential for treating neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing
50
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) allow the creation of patient-specific neurons for disease modeling and therapy.
Stem Cell Therapy
51
Uses genetic insights to develop neuroprosthetics for paralysis and neurological conditions.
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs)
52
Laws like ____ protect against genetic discrimination.
GINA (Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act)
53
is a naturally recurring state of reduced consciousness
Sleep
54
sleep is characterized by: 3
Altered brain activity. Reduced responsiveness to external stimuli. Reversible disengagement from the environment.
55
Experience REM and NREM sleep.
Mammals and birds:
56
: Show sleep-like states without clear REM/NREM phases.
Reptiles and fish
57
____sleep with one brain hemisphere at a time (___sleep).
Marine mammals (e.g., dolphins); unihemispheric
58
Sleep consists of two main types:
Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep; Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
59
____=Accounts for ~75% of total sleep. ____– Accounts for ~25% of total sleep.
NREM= 75% REM=25%
60
___=Slow-Wave Sleep ___=Paradoxical Sleep
NREM Sleep REM Sleep
61
what stage of NREM: Light sleep, transition from wakefulness, theta waves appear.
Stage 1:
62
what stage of NREM: Onset of real sleep, sleep spindles & K-complexes regulate sensory processing.
Stage 2:
63
what stage of NREM: Deep sleep, slow delta waves, essential for body repair and growth.
Stage 3 & 4:
64
REM sleep characteristics: 3
dreaming, muscle atonia (paralysis), and rapid eye movements.
65
REM sleep's Brain activity resembles wakefulness (__-frequency, __-amplitude waves).
high; low
66
Plays a role in memory consolidation, emotional processing, and creativity
REM sleep
67
The sleep-wake cycle is Controlled by interactions between the ____ and ____
circadian rhythm; homeostatic sleep drive
68
– The body’s internal clock (~24-hour cycle)
Circadian Rhythm
69
Circadian rhythm is Regulated by the ____ in the ___.
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
70
responds to light signals from the retina to synchronize the sleep-wake cycle.
SCN; hypothalamus
71
___, released by the pineal gland, promotes sleepiness in response to darkness.
Melatonin
72
– The pressure to sleep based on wakefulness duration.
Homeostatic Sleep Drive
73
accumulates during wakefulness, increasing sleep pressure.
Adenosine
74
blocks adenosine receptors, delaying sleep onset.
Caffeine
75
: Keeps the brain awake and alert.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
76
: Inhibits wake-promoting areas to induce sleep.
Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus (VLPO)
77
Suppress muscle movement during REM sleep
Locus Coeruleus & Raphe Nuclei:
78
Damage to the VLPO can cause ____, while excessive activation leads to ____(excessive sleepiness).
insomnia; hypersomnia
79
– Converts short-term memories into long-term storage.
Memory Consolidation
80
2 types of memory
Declarative memory; Procedural memory
81
(facts, events) is strengthened in NREM sleep.
Declarative memory
82
(skills, motor tasks) is enhanced during REM sleep.
Procedural memory
83
– Sleep prunes unnecessary neural connections, optimizing brain function.
Synaptic Homeostasis Hypothesis
84
hormones: ____=(satiety) ____=(hunger).
leptin; ghrelin
85
Sleep Disorders (4)
Insomnia; Sleep Apnea; Narcolepsy; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
86
: Airway blockage causes snoring and gasping.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
87
Brain fails to send breathing signals.
Central Sleep Apnea (CSA):
88
A condition where muscle paralysis fails during REM sleep, leading to acting out dreams.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
89
can boost alertness and memory.
Short naps(10–30 min)
90
may cause sleep inertia but enhance deep learning.
Long naps (>60 min)

Special Topics FINALS (7 decks)

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