Evolution, Natural Selection, Selective Breeding, Etc.

Question 1

True or false: Theory of evolution explains life’s origin

Answer 1

False

Question 2

True or false: An individual can evolve when it is put in a stressful environment.

Answer 2

False: Population evolves, individuals do not.

Question 3

True or false: Evolution has a purpose.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Homologous structures

Answer 4

Structures that are similar due to common ancestry

Question 5

Structures that are similar due to common ancestry

Answer 5

Homologous structures

Question 6

Vestigial structure

Answer 6

Inherited structures with no purpose

Question 7

Inherited structures with no purpose

Answer 7

Vestigial structures

Question 8

Evidence for evolution

Answer 8

1. Homologous structure
2. Vestigial structure
3. Shared genes
4. Fossils
5. Biogeography: Populations are fitted to their environments specifically
6. Direct observations (For instance, bacterial antibiotic resistance)

Question 9

What is genetic drift?

Answer 9

The mechanisms by which allele frequency changes due to random chance
For example, natural disasters.

Question 10

The mechanisms by which allele frequency change due to random chance

Answer 10

Genetic drift

Question 11

Genetic drift causes genetic variation to _______

Answer 11

Decrease

Question 12

Bottleneck effect

Answer 12

When a population changes drastically due to a disaster, and the new allele frequency doesn’t reflect the original

Question 13

Where the population changes drastically due to disasters, and the new allele frequency doesn’t reflect the original

Answer 13

Bottleneck effect

Question 14

Founder effect

Answer 14

Founder effect is when a small part of the population finds a new habitat, and the allele frequency in that new population doesn’t reflect the original

Question 15

when a small part of the population finds a new habitat, and the allele frequency in that new population doesn’t reflect the original

Answer 15

Founder effect

Question 17

Genetic drift is a major reason for evolution and is more pronounced on a (blank) (size) population

Answer 17

Small

Question 18

What is a species?

Answer 18

A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offsprings

Question 19

What is a hybrid?

Answer 19

A hybrid is a group of organisms that can interbreed but they produce infertile offspring

Question 20

Speciation types

Answer 20

1. Allopatric speciation is speciation due to geographic barrier.
2. Sympatric speciation is speciation due to a non-geographic barrier.
   - pre zygotic barrier
   - post zygotic barrier

Question 21

Allopatric speciation

Answer 21

Speciation due to a geographical barrier

Question 22

Speciation due to a geographical barrier

Answer 22

Allopatric speciation

Question 23

Sympatric speciation

Answer 23

Speciation due to a non- geographic barrier

Question 24

Speciation due to a non- geographic barrier

Answer 24

Sympatric speciation

Question 25

Analogous structure

Answer 25

Similar biological structures with similar or corresponding functions but they do not come from a common ancestry

Question 26

Types of evolution

Answer 26

1. Divergent evolution 2. Convergent evolution

Question 27

What is divergent evolution?

Answer 27

Divergent evolution is when two or more species come from a common ancestor

Question 28

when two or more species come from a common ancestor

Answer 28

Divergent evolution

Question 29

Convergent evolution

Answer 29

Convergent evolution is when two or more species share similar structure that are not sourced from a common ancestor

Question 30

What is a post zygotic barrier?

Answer 30

It is a barrier where offspring between two groups in a species can be born, but cannot interbreed, resulting in a hybrid.

Question 31

What is pre zygotic barrier and what are the different types?

Answer 31

Pre-zygotic barrier is a barrier which can cause sympatric speciation typically due to some forms of isolation. 1. Behavioral isolation. 2. Habitat isolation. 3. Temporal isolation. 4. Mechanical isolation.

Question 32

A barrier (blank) gene flows

Answer 32

Reduces

Question 34

Types of pre-zygotic barrier

Answer 34

Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation

Question 35

Types of post zygotic barriers

Answer 35

. Hybrid inviability Offspring hybrid dies before sexual maturation . Hybrid sterility Off spring hybrid cannot reproduce . Hybrid breakdown First generation offspring is viable and fertile, but the second generation offspring suffer from reduced viability or fertility . Increased susceptibility to predation or disease

Question 36

Gene flow ________ (increase or decrease) genetic variation.

Answer 36

Increase.

Question 37

Reproductive isolation types, and what does reproductive isolation cause?

Answer 37

Pre zygotic, and post zygotic Reproductive isolation causes speciation.

Question 38

Speciation types

Answer 38

1. Allopatric speciation 2. Sympatric speciation 3. Peripatric speciation 4. Parapatric speciation

Question 39

Allopatric speciation

Answer 39

Speciation due to a geographic barrier that physically separates populations, preventing gene flow.

Question 40

Sympatric speciation

Answer 40

Speciation that occurs without geographic separation, usually due to reproductive barriers such as behavioral, temporal, or genetic isolation.

Question 41

Peripatric speciation

Answer 41

Speciation that occurs when a small group becomes geographically isolated at the edge of a larger population, often leading to genetic drift and rapid evolution.

Question 42

Parapatric speciation

Answer 42

Speciation that occurs in adjacent populations where gene flow is limited due to environmental gradients or partial separation across a large area without no physical separation.

Question 43

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 43

Question 44

Types of natural selection

Answer 44

1. Directional 2. Stabilizing 3. Disruptive 4. Sexual

Question 45

What is a biofilm?

Answer 45

A bacterial biofilm is a group of bacteria surrounded by an extracellular matrix that they secrete. They tend to form slimy layer on surfaces such as teeth. . They can exchange genes more easily. . Antiobiotics and immune responses have less effective penetration.

Question 46

The earth formed roughly ______ years ago

Answer 46

4.6 billion years

Question 47

Life began between _________ years ago

Answer 47

3.5 to 3.9 billion years ago

Question 48

According to the Endo symbiosis theory, plastids, and mitochondria can self replicate via

Answer 48

Binary fission

Question 49

What does LUCA stand for?

Answer 49

LUCA stands for less universal common ancestor. It is a cellular organism that had a lipid bilayer, and used DNA, RNA and protein. It was a previous organism that gave rise to live that exist today via two branches. Branch one: bacteria Branch two: eukaryotes and archae

Question 50

What does FUCA stand for?

Answer 50

FUCA stands for the first universal common ancestor which refers to a hypothetical non-cellular ancestor to LUCA and other now-extinct sister lineages.

Question 51

Cell theory of life

Answer 51

1. All living organisms are composed of cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cell. 4. Energy flow occurs within cells. 5. Heredity information is passed on from cell to cell and can be lost. 6. All cells have the same basic chemical composition.

Question 52

The classification of organisms, depending on how they get this energy

Answer 52

1. Chemoheterotrophs 2. Photoheterotrophs 3. Chemoautotrophs 4. Chemoheterotrophs Energy source can either be chemical (chemo) or light (photo) Carbon source can either be organic (heterotrophs) or inorganic (autotrophs)