Flashcards in Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates Deck (47)
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1
Define "polymer"
Long molecule made up from many smaller molecules
2
Define "monomer"
Small molecules that make up polymers
3
What are the monomers in carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides e.g glucose
4
What are the polymers in carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
5
What are the monomers in proteins?
Amino acids
6
What are the polymers in proteins?
Proteins/polypeptides
7
What are the monomers in fats?
Triglycerides
8
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
9
What are the polymers of nucleic acids?
DNA/RNA
10
What are carbohydrates?
Large complex molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharides
11
List 3 disaccharides
- Maltose
- Lactose
- Sucrose
12
What 2 monosaccharides is maltose made up of?
- Alpha glucose
- Alpha glucose
13
What 2 monosaccharides is sucrose made up of?
- Alpha glucose
- Fructose
14
What 2 monosaccharides is lactose made up of?
- Beta glucose
- Galactose
15
What bonds are in maltose?
1,4 glycosidic bonds
16
What bonds are in sucrose?
1,2 glycosidic bonds
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What bonds are in lactose?
1,4 glycosidic bonds
18
Are disaccharides soluble?
Yes, but not as soluble as monosaccharides
19
What do the chemical bonds of disaccharides do compared to monosaccharides?
They store more energy
20
Give the formula for glucose?
C6H12C6
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What two forms does glucose exist in?
- Alpha glucose
- Beta glucose
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What type of sugar is glucose?
A hexose sugar
23
Draw alpha glucose
See notes
24
Define "condensation"
A reaction of two molecules joining together to form a large molecule and a water molecule
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Define "glycosidic bond"
Every bond between molecules in carbohydrates, joining monosaccharides into polysaccharides
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Define "hydrolysis"
When molecules split apart using a molecule of water
27
Give an example of hydrolysis
Polysaccharides splitting into monosaccharides
28
Define "polysaccharide"
A polymer of many monosaccharides joined together through condensation reactions for storage
29
Give the two main polysaccharides
- Starch
- Glycogen
30
What are the two types of starch?
- Two polysaccharides of alpha glucose
- Amylose
- Amylopectin
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What is the purpose of starch?
Glucose/energy storage in plants for respiration
32
What is the purpose of glycogen?
Glucose/energy storage in animals for respiration
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What monomers make up both types of starch?
Alpha glucose
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What monomer makes up glycogen?
Alpha glucose
35
What type of bonds make up amylose?
1,4 glycosidic bonds
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What type of bonds make up amylopectin?
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
37
What type of bonds make up glycogen?
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
38
What kind of structure does amylose have and how does it link to its function?
- Unbranched chains
- Angles of the glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure, like a cylinder
- Makes it more compact for storage of glucose
39
What kind of structure does amylopectin have and how does it link to its function?
- Branched chains
- Increases its surface area
- More accessible to enzymes
- Hydrolysed into glucose more quickly
40
What kind of structure does glycogen have compared to amylopectin and how does it link to its function?
- More branched chains
- Bigger surface area
- Even more accessible to enzymes
- Faster hydrolysis
41
Why does glycogen need to be hydrolysed more quickly than amylopectin?
Animals move so respire far more
42
What are both starch and glycogen and why?
Insoluble - doesn't cause cells to swell by osmosis
43
List the properties of glycogen that adapt it to its function.
- Very branched
- Large
- Insoluble
- Compact
44
How does glycogen being large make it useful for its function?
Can store high amounts of glucose and therefore energy
45
How does glycogen being compact make it useful for its function?
Good for storage
46
What is amylose?
A long unbranched chain of alpha glucose
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