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Bio 1: Lifestyle, Health and Risk > CVD: Risk Factors and Treatment > Flashcards

CVD: Risk Factors and Treatment Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is cardiovascular disease - CVD?

A

All diseases of the heart and circulatory system

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2
Q

Give examples of CVD. 3

A
  • Coronary heart disease [CHD]
  • Stroke
  • Heart attack/myocardial infarction
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3
Q

List risk factors for CVD that are due to lifestyle (6)

A
  • Smoking
  • Salt intake
  • Alcohol intake
  • Diet high in saturated fat
  • Inactivity
  • BMI/Weight
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4
Q

List risk factors for CVD beyond the individual’s control

A
  • Genetics
  • Age
  • Gender
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5
Q

What is the trend between BMI/Weight and CVD?

A
  • The higher the BMI/weight, the higher the risk of CVD
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6
Q

Why is a diet high in cholesterol/saturated fat a risk factor for CVD? 4

A
  • Increases cholesterol level in blood
  • Increases atheroma formation
  • Increases blood pressure
  • Increases blood clot formation
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7
Q

How is alcohol and salt intake a risk factor for CVD?

A

They increase high blood pressure

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8
Q

How is inactivity a risk factor for CVD?

A

Linked to obesity and high blood pressure

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9
Q

What 2 substances in smoking increase the risk of CVD?

A
  • Carbon monoxide

- Nicotine

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10
Q

How does carbon monoxide in smoking increase the risk of CVD? 4

A
  • Combines with haemoglobin
  • Decreases oxygen transported in blood
  • Less oxygen for tissues
  • Can lead to heart attacks/stroke
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11
Q

How does nicotine increase the risk of CVD?

A
  • Makes platelets sticky

- Increases chance of blood clot formation

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12
Q

Other than nicotine and carbon monoxide, how does smoking increase the risk of CVD? 4

A
  • Decreases antioxidants in the blood
  • These protect cells from damage
  • Increased risk of cell damage in arteries
  • Increased atheroma formation
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13
Q

How is aging a risk factor for CVD? 3

A
  • Arteries less elastic
  • Plaque builds up slowly over time
  • Increases blood pressure
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14
Q

How is gender a risk factor for CVD? 2

A
  • Males more likely to suffer from CVD

- Oestrogen increases HDL levels in blood

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15
Q

How are genetics a risk factor for CVD?

A
  • Individuals can inherit alleles making them more likely to have:
  • High blood pressure
  • High blood cholesterol
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16
Q

Define “risk”

A

The chance of an unfavorable event occurring

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17
Q

What are the problems with perception of risk? 2

A
  • Perception of risk is not equal to actual risk

- Actual risk can be overestimated or underestimated

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18
Q

How can actual risk be underestimated?

A

Lack of information makes people unaware of risk factors

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19
Q

How can actual risk be overestimated?

A
  • Constant exposure to media emphasising risk

- Personal experience e.g family relative smoker dying of CVD

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20
Q

What 4 types of drugs can be used to treat CVD?

A
  • Antihypertensives
  • Statins
  • Anticoagulants
  • Platelet inhibitors
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21
Q

What do all antihypertensives do?

Study These Flashcards
A

Reduce blood pressure

22
Q

Why does reducing blood pressure reduce risk of CVD?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Less damage to artery wall
  • Less atheroma formation
  • Less chance of blood clot formation
23
Q

Name 4 types of antihypertensives

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Beta blockers
  • Vasodilators
  • Diuretics
  • ACE Inhibitors
  • Calcium channel blockers
24
Q

What do beta blockers do? 2

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Reduce heart beat strength - Reduce heart rate
25
What do vasodilators do?
- Widen blood vessels [vasodilation]
26
What do diuretics do? 3
- Reduces amount of salt reabsorbed from blood by kidneys - Less water reabsorbed - Reduced blood volume
27
What do calcium channel blockers do? 4
- Blocking calcium ion channels - Prevent arterial muscle contraction - Prevents vasoconstriction - Lowers blood pressure
28
What is the advantage to using antihypertensives? 2
- Many different types - can be given in combination to reduce blood pressure - Blood pressure can be monitored by patients at home to check if drugs work
29
What are the risks of using antihypertensives?
- Headaches - Vomiting - Blood pressure could fall too low - cause fainting - Palpitations
30
What do statins do?
Lower blood cholesterol
31
How do statins lower blood cholesterol?
- Inhibit LDL synthesis in liver | - Less atheroma formation
32
What are the risks of using statins?
- Headache - Vomiting - Liver damage - Muscle inflammation/pain
33
What do anticoagulants do? 2
- Prevent blood clots forming | - Prevent blood clots getting bigger
34
What is the advantage of using anticoagulants?
Can be used to treat people already with blood clots/CVD
35
What are the risks of using anticoagulants? 5
- Headaches - Vomiting - Excessive bleeding in injury due to reduction in blood clotting, causing fainting - Osteoporosis - Damage to foetus
36
What do platelet inhibitors do? 2
- Prevent platelets becoming activated/sticky | - So prevents formation of blood clots
37
What is the advantage of using platelet inhibitors?
Can be used to treat people already with blood clots/CVD
38
What are the risks of using platelet inhibitors?
- Headaches - Vomiting - Excessive bleeding in injury due to reduction in blood clotting, causing fainting - Liver damage
39
Why do humans need energy? 3
- Growth - Reproduction - Movement
40
Define "energy budget"
Amount of energy taken in and amount of energy used up by an organism
41
What does an imbalance in the energy budget affect?
Weight
42
Give the equation for calculating an energy deficit
Total energy consumed - total energy output
43
If total energy consumed - total energy output is negative, what does this mean?
Weight loss
44
If total energy consumed - total energy output is positive, what does this mean?
Weight gain
45
If total energy consumed - total energy output is zero, what does this mean?
No weight change
46
What causes obesity? 2
- Excess energy is stored as fat reserves | - If this is a high amount and sustained over a long period of time, it leads to obesity
47
What causes being underweight? 3
- A deficiency in energy - Causes fat reserves to be converted into energy - If this is a high amount and sustained over a long period of time, it leads to being underweight
48
Give 2 obesity indicators
- BMI | - Waist to Hip Ratio
49
Give the equation for BMI
weight [kg]/height [m] squared
50
Give the equation for waist to hip ratio
waist circumference [cm]/hip circumference [cm]
51
What BMI is considered obese?
30 +

Bio 1: Lifestyle, Health and Risk (9 decks)

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