Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is a monomer ?

Answer 1

Individual units that make polymers

Question 2

What are polymers

Answer 2

Repeating units of monomers

Question 3

In carbohydrates what is the monomer

Answer 3

Monosaccharides

Question 4

What is the dimmer of carbohydrates

Answer 4

A disaccharide

Question 5

What is the polymer of carbohydrates

Answer 5

Polysaccharide

Question 6

Each time a sub unit is attached what is formed ?

Answer 6

A molecule of water

Question 7

What reaction turns monomers into polymers ?

Answer 7

A condensation reaction

Question 8

What is an example of a condensation reaction in carbohydrates

Answer 8

A monosaccharide into a disaccharide and a disaccharide into a polysaccharide

Question 9

What is a hydrolysis reaction ?

Answer 9

When water molecules are used to break the bond that link sub units so basically whenever you want to say break down use hydrolyse

Question 10

What is an example of a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 10

Turning polysaccharide into disaccharides

Question 11

What does saccharide mean ?

Answer 11

To do with sugar

Question 12

What are features of a monosaccharides

Answer 12

They are sweet tasting , soluble substances

Question 13

What are examples of monosaccharides

Answer 13

Alpha glucose
Beta glucose
Galactose
Fructose

Question 14

Heat are two isomers of glucose?

Answer 14

Alpha glucose

Beta glucose

Question 15

What are alpha glucose, beta glucose and galactose ?

Answer 15

Hexose sugars

Question 16

What is the formula for all alpha glucose , beta glucose , galactose and fructose

Answer 16

C6H1206

Question 17

What are examples of disaccharides ?

Answer 17

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

Question 18

What makes maltose

Answer 18

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose

Question 19

What makes lactose

Answer 19

Alpha glucose + galactose

Question 20

What makes sucrose

Answer 20

Alpha glucose + fructose

Question 21

What are both maltose and lactose

Answer 21

Reducing sugars

Question 22

Is sucrose a reducing sugar or not

Answer 22

Sucrose is a non reducing sugar

Question 23

What type of sugar is fructose?

Answer 23

Artificial sugar

Question 24

What are examples of polysaccharides ?

Answer 24

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

Question 25

What are both starch and glycogen made up of ?

Answer 25

Alpha glucose

Question 26

What is cellulose made up from ?

Answer 26

Beta glucose

Question 27

When monosaccharides joint and a water molecule is removed the reaction is a condensation reaction but what is the bond ?

Answer 27

A glycosidic bond I’d formed

Question 28

What is the specific bond between two monosaccharides

Answer 28

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 29

What exactly is a polysaccharide specifically?

Answer 29

Combining many monosaccharides via condensation reactions

Question 30

Features of starch

Answer 30

Energy store - like grains in the cytoplasm of chloroplasts Polysaccharides of alpha glucose joined via condensation reactions Form glycosidic bonds

Question 31

What type of glycosidic bonds does starch create .

Answer 31

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic + alpha 1,6 glycosidic

Question 32

Describe structure of starch ?

Answer 32

Large molecule Alpha helix shape Insoluble Branched

Question 33

How does starch being a large molecule aids it’s function ?

Answer 33

It does not diffuse out of cells

Question 34

Why does starch being an alpha helix shape aid it’s function

Answer 34

Means that it is compact , dense energy store

Question 35

Why does starch being insoluble aid it’s function

Answer 35

It’s means that starch is osmotically inactive

Question 36

Why does starch being branched aids it’s function

Answer 36

Rapid glucose released by enzymes

Question 37

Where is glycogen never found ?

Answer 37

In plant cells

Question 38

What can actually be one difference between starch and glycogen ?

Answer 38

Shorter chains so more highly branched

Question 39

What is glycogen ?

Answer 39

- polysaccharide of many glucose joined through condensation reactions Energy store in form of granules in animal cell cytoplasm

Question 40

What bonds create glycogen

Answer 40

Alpha 1#4 glycosidic bonds and MANY alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds - highly branched

Question 41

How are starch and glycogen used as a source of energy not a store of energy?

Answer 41

When they hydrolysed to form glucose which is then used in respiration

Question 42

What is cellulose ?

Answer 42

Structural polysaccharide Many beta glucose joined via condensation reaction Every other beta glucose is inverted Forms cell walls

Question 43

In the structure of cellulose why is every other B glucose inverted?

Answer 43

Because the hydroxyl groups are not adjacent

Question 44

What is hydroxyl group ?

Answer 44

When oxygen bonds to hydrogen

Question 45

Describe structure of cellulose?

Answer 45

Made from beta glucose Parallel chains of cellulose form hydrogen bonds aka cross links Cellulose can form fibrils which can then form fibres

Question 46

Why does cellulose being made from beta glucose aids it’s function

Answer 46

Beta glucose means straight unbranched chains

Question 47

Why does cellulose having parallel chains of cellulose forming hydrogen bonds aid it’s function

Answer 47

It provides strength to cell walls

Question 48

Why does cellulose forming fibrils which form fibres aid it’s function

Answer 48

It provides strength for cell walls

Question 49

What is a reducing sugar able to do ?

Answer 49

Lose an electron (oxidation) and give it to another compound it reduces other compounds

Question 50

How do we test for reducing sugars ?

Answer 50

Giving something to reduce - Benedictus

Question 51

What does Benedictus contain ?

Answer 51

Copper 2+ ions in the firm of copper (ll) Sulfate

Question 52

When ions gain an electron from a reducing sugar what do they become ?

Answer 52

Cu + ions in the form of RED copper (lo oxide

Question 53

Reducing sugar test steps

Answer 53

1) add Benedictus 2) heat boil 3) colour change 4) blue-red

Question 54

Possible results of reducing sugars test

Answer 54

Blue (nones green hvery low) yellow (low) | Orange (moderate) red(high)

Question 55

What kind of test is the reducing test ?

Answer 55

Semi quantitative testgived an idea of.concentration (subjects) but not a quantities value

Question 56

Non reducing sugar test

Answer 56

``` - negative reducing sugar test Boil the sugar with HCLto hydrolyse the sugar Neutralise with NaOH- sodium hydroxide Add benedicts Heat Colour change Blue-red ```