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Biology 1 (Lecture) > Biology 1 Chapter 15 (Lecture) > Flashcards

Biology 1 Chapter 15 (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

The reason that linked genes are inherited together is that

A

They are located on the same chromosome

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2
Q

What is the mechanism for the production of genetic recombinants?

A

Crossing over and independent assortment

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3
Q

Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because

A

Males are hemizygous for the X chromosome

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4
Q

A man who carries an X-linked allele will pass it on to

A

All of his daughters

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5
Q

What syndrome afflicts mostly males?

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

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6
Q

If a chromosome lacks certain genes, what has most likely occurred?

A

A deletion

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7
Q

Of the Human trisomies, the one that generally has the most severe impact on the health of the individual is

A

Trisomy 21

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8
Q

What do all human males inherit from their mother?

A

An X chromosome and mitochondria DNA

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9
Q

What is false about Down’s Syndrome?

A

It is a sex-linked disorder

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10
Q

What is not true of Turner’s Syndrome?

A

They are genetically XXX

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11
Q

What results in male sex organs but may have some female body characteristics present? (They are also sterile and may have subnormal intelligence)

A

XXY

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12
Q

What is not a sex-linked disorder?

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

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13
Q

What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix?

A

Hydrogen

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14
Q

In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, what is true?

A

A+C=G+T and G+A=T+C

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15
Q

The strands that make up DNA are antiparallel. This means that

A

The 5’ to 3’ direction of one strand runs counter to the 5’ to 3’ direction of the other strand

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16
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

To add nucleotides to the end of a growimng DNA strand

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17
Q

Removes the RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3’ end of Okazaki fragments

A

DNA polymerase I

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18
Q

Separates the DNA strands during replication

A

Helicase

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19
Q

Covalently connects segments of DNA

A

Ligase

20
Q

Synthesizes short segments of RNA

A

Primase

21
Q

Wild Type

A

The phenotype for a character most commonly observed in natural populations

22
Q

Mutant Phenotypes

A

Traits that are alternatives to the wild type.

Because they are due to alleles assumed to have originated as changes or mutations in the wild type allele.

23
Q

Sex-Linked Gene

A

A gene located on either sex chromosome

24
Q

Fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their…

A

Daughters but none to their sons.

25
Q

Mothers can pass sex-linked alleles to…

A

Sons and Daughters

26
Q

Far more _____ have sex-linked recessive disorders

A

Males

27
Q

Male sex-linked recessive disorders

A
  • Color Blindness
  • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Hemophilia
28
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A
  • 1/3500 males born in US
  • Progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination
  • Rarely live past early 20’s
  • Absence of a key muscle protein (dystrophin) and have mapped the gene for this protein to specific locus on the x chromosome
29
Q

Hemophilia

A

Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting

  • Bleeding is prolonged because firm clot is slow to form
  • Small cuts are usually ok; but bleeding in the muscles or joints can be painful and can lead to serious damage
  • Treated as needed with IV injections of the missing proteins.
30
Q

Barr Body

A

The inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object.

Most of these genes are not expressed. Females are a mosaic of two types of cells: those with active X derived from the father and those with active X derived from the mother.

31
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses.

32
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

Offspring that inherit a phenotype that is different from either parent

33
Q

If there is a 50% frequency of recombination in a heterozygous x homozygous testcross tells us…

A

That the two genes are located on different chromosomes and are thus unlinked.

34
Q

Crossing Over

A

Accounts for the recombination of linked genes. In this end portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places each time a crossover occurs.

35
Q

Genetic Map

A

An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.

36
Q

The farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that…

A

A crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency.

37
Q

Linkage Map

A

A genetic map based on recombination frequencies

38
Q

Nondisjunction

A

A mishap in which the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosisII. In these cases, one gamete receives 2 of the same type of chromosome and the other receives 0 copies.

39
Q

Aneuploidy

A

If this aberrant gamete unites with a normal on at fertilization the zygote will have an abnormal number of chromosomes.

40
Q

Alterations of chromosome structure due to chromosome breakage:

A
  • Deletion
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
  • Translocation
41
Q

Deletion

A

Chromosomal fragment is lost

42
Q

Duplication

A

When an extra segment is attached to a sister chromatid

43
Q

Inversion

A

reverses a segment within the chromosome

44
Q

Translocation

A

Moves a segment from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome

45
Q

Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm contain small circular DNA molecules

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Plant Plastids
46
Q

Almost all mitochondrial DNA is…

A

Maternal DNA almost all the mitochodria passed on to the zygote comes from the cytoplasm of the egg (Instead of the sperm)

Biology 1 (Lecture) (14 decks)

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