Biology 1 Chapter 4 (Lecture)

Question 1

Organisms are made up of chemicals that are based mostly on the element ___

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

Organic Compounds

Answer 2

Compounds that contain carbon.

Question 3

Organic Chemistry

Answer 3

The branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds.

Question 4

The key to Carbon’s versatility

Answer 4

Is due to its electron configuration. It has 4 valence electrons that make it tend to form COVALENT bonds with or atoms by sharing its 4 electrons with other atoms. This may include SINGLE or DOUBLE bonds.

Question 5

Carbon’s most frequent partners

Answer 5

Oxygen, Hydrogen, & Nitrogen

Question 6

Carbon skeletons may vary in

Answer 6

1) Length
2) Branching
3) Double Bonds
4) Rings

Question 7

CO2

Answer 7

O=C=O

Question 8

Hydrocarbons

Answer 8

Organic molecules that consist of only C and H atoms. They are a major component of petroluem and fats (have long hydrocarbon tails). Neither hydrocarbons nor fats are soluble in water. They are hydrophobic; bonds are nonpolar. They can undergo reactions that release large amounts of energy.

Question 9

Isomers

Answer 9

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.

1) Structural Isomers
2) Geometric Isomers
3) Enantiomers

Question 10

Structural Isomers

Answer 10

Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Question 11

Geometric Isomers

Answer 11

Have the same covalent partnerships, but differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of the double bond.

1) Cis
2) Trans

Question 12

Encantiomers

Answer 12

Mirror images; usually one biologically active; one inactive

Question 13

Asymmetrical

Answer 13

The carbon attached to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms.

Question 14

Functional Groups

Answer 14

Chemical groups that participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way, from one organic molecule to another.

Question 15

7 Chemical Groups that are important in biological processes

Answer 15

1) Methyl
2) Phosphate
3) Sulfhydryl
4) Amino
5) Carboxyl
6) Carbonyl
7) Hydroxyl

Question 16

All 7 groups are…

Answer 16

Polar thus increasing the solubility of organic compounds in water.

Question 17

ATP

Answer 17

The organic phosphate has three phosphates present. When it reacts with water in the cell, a Phosphate is “split off” and energy is released. This energy is used in many cellular reactions.

Question 18

Phosphates Group

Answer 18

O
                    ||
Structure: -O-P-O-
                    ||
                    O-

Name: Organic Phosphate

Ex: Glyceral Phosphate

Functional Properties: Contributes regular charge to molecules it is a part of. Has potential to react with water to release energy.

Question 19

Amino Group

Answer 19

H
                   /
Structure: -N        
                   \
                     H
(-NH2)

Name: Amines

Ex: Glycine (Both amino & carboxylic acids)

Functional Properties: Acts as a base, Can pick up H+ from solution.

Question 20

Carboxyl Group

Answer 20

O
                   //
Structure: -C
                   \
                     OH
(-COOH)

Name: Carboxylic Acid

Ex: Acetic Acid (Vinegar)

Functional Properties: Acidic properties. This H can split off. H+ would increase [H+] in solution.

Question 21

Sulfhydryl Group

Answer 21

Structure: -SH

Name: Thiois

Ex: Cysteine

Functional Properties: 2 Sulfhydryl groups can react forming covalent bond, helps to stabilize proteins. (Perms in hair)

Question 22

Hydroxyl Group

Answer 22

Structure: R-C-OH

Name: Alcohols

Ex: Ethanol

Function Properties: Polar. Can form H bonds with water molecules helping them dissolve.

Question 23

Carbonyl Group

Answer 23

Structures: C=O and R-C=O

Names : C=O is Ketones (If C=O with C skeleton) and Aldehydes (If C=O is at the end)

Ex: Acetone (Ketones) and Propanol (Aldehydes)

Function Properties: Found in sugars.

Question 24

Flow of information in eukaryotic cells (Chapter 5)

Answer 24

DNA→RNA→Proteins

Question 25

Glycerol phosphate (Functional Group Example)

Answer 25

Phosphate

Question 26

Glycine (Functional Group Example)

Answer 26

Amino (Both carboxylic and amino)

Question 27

Acetic Acid (Functional Group Example)

Answer 27

Carboxyl

Question 28

Cysteine (Functional Group Example)

Answer 28

Sulhydral

Question 29

Alcohols (Functional Group Example)

Answer 29

Hydroxyl

Question 30

Acetone (Functional Group Example)

Answer 30

Carbonyl (Ketones)

Question 31

Propanol (Functional Group Example)

Answer 31

Carbonyl (Aldehydes)