Biology 1 Chapter 9 (Lecture)

Question 1

Cellular Respiration

Answer 1

The catabolic pathway (releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.) of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which break down Organic Molecules for the production of ATP. (HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY)

Question 2

Living cells require…

Answer 2

Energy from outside sources.

Question 3

Energy flows into an ecosystem as…

Answer 3

Sunlight and leaves as Heat

Question 4

Photosynthesis generates…

Answer 4

Oxygen and Organic Molecules which are used in cellular respiration.

Question 5

Cells use chemical energy to generate…

Answer 5

ATP which powers work.

Question 6

The breakdown of organic molecules is…

Answer 6

Respiration and Exergonic

Question 7

Fermentation

Answer 7

(Anaerobic)

Is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs WITHOUT oxygen.

Question 8

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 8

Consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP. This is the most prevalent and most efficient respiration.

Question 9

Anaerobic respiration is similar but does not require…

Answer 9

Oxygen

Question 10

CHO, Fats, and proteins are all consumed as

Answer 10

Fuel

Question 11

The breakdown of glucoes is:

Answer 11

• Catabolic
• Has a negative DELTA G (also spontaneous and exergonic)

Question 12

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Answer 12

Chemical reactions that transfer e- between reactants. (Redox Reactions)

Question 13

Oxidation

Answer 13

A substance loses an electron and is oxidized.

Question 14

Reduction

Answer 14

The substance gains an electron or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)

Question 15

The electron donor

Answer 15

Reducing Agent

Question 16

Electron Receptor

Answer 16

Oxidizing Agent

Question 17

During cellular respiration the fuel is…

Answer 17

Oxidized and the oxygen is reduced.

Question 18

During cellular respiration, most electrons travel the following “downhill route”:

Answer 18

From NADPH to NADH to the electron transport chain to oxygen.

Question 19

Respiration is the cumulative function of 3 metabolic stages:

Answer 19

1. Glycolysis “sugar splitting”
2. Citric Acid Cycle
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 20

Glycolysis (# of ATP)

Answer 20

2 ATP

Question 21

Citric Acid Cycle (# of ATP)

Answer 21

2 ATP

Question 22

Oxidative Phosphorylation (# of ATP)

Answer 22

32-34 ATP

Question 23

Total ATP per Glucose

Answer 23

36-38 ATP

Question 24

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 24

Carry out furmentation or anaerobic respiration & cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

Question 25

Facilitative Anaerobes?

Answer 25

They can survive using either fermentation of cellular respiration.

Question 26

Cellular Respiration of Glucose (equation)

Answer 26

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36-38 ATP

Question 27

- DELTA G

Answer 27

Energy is released. Exergonic Catabolic

Question 28

+ DELTA G

Answer 28

Energy used. Endergonic Anabolic

Question 29

Glycolysis

Answer 29

* From glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvic acids (3C) * Located in the cytoplasm/cytosol * Uses 2 ATP to start the breakdown of one glucose * 2 NAD's are reduced to 2 NADH's * **Net of 2 ATP's produced** * 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3C) are produced

Question 30

Acetyl CoA

Answer 30

* Connects the pyruvic acid of glycolysis to the citric acid cycle * Pyruvic acid in the cytosol enters the mitochondria * A CO2 is removed, and diffuses out of the cell * A NAD is reduced to NADH * A 2 carbon molecule of Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle.

Question 31

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 31

* One cycle for each pyruvic acid * Located in the matrix of the mitochondria * Breaks up the 2 carbon Acetyl CoA into 2 CO2 * (3)NAD and (1)FAD remove H electron pair for the "ETS" * 1 Substrate level ATP produced in each cycle **= 2 ATP net**

Question 32

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 32

* ATP Formation * Uses energy just produced to bond a P to ADP in the matrix fluid of the mitochondria * Two H electrons from the "ETS" + two H protons from chemiosmosis + one oxygen in the matrix fluid = H2O.