Biology 103 Final Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Biology 103 Final Deck (120)
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1
Q

What are the basic characteristics of a virus?

A

Noncellular, Cannot reproduce on its own, and parasitic

2
Q

What are the two viral structures?

A

Capsid; outer layer made of protein subunits

Nucleic Acid Core; DNA or RNA is stored

3
Q

What are the three categorizes of viruses?

A

1-Type of Nucleic acid

-DNA or RNA

  • Single stranded or double stranded
    2. Size and Shape (threadlike-polyhedral, helical, isometric, icosahedron)
    3. Prescence/Absence of outer envelope
4
Q

Name the two cycles of Bacteriofages

A

Lytic and Lysogenic

5
Q

Describe the Lytic cycle

A

Viral compenents synthesized, assembled, released. Cell dies as a result

6
Q

Describe the Lysogenic cycle

A

Virus infects bacteria and viral DNA integrates with bacterial DNA.

7
Q

What is a bacteriofage?

A

A virus that parasitizes bacteria

8
Q

What is a Retrovirus?

A

Retroviruses are RNA, animal viruses. They contain a special enzyme (Reverse transcriptase) which allows the genetic code of RNA to be copied (transcribed) to DNA.

9
Q

Virus ruptures cell killing it - leads to

A

AIDS

10
Q

–Formerly infected only apes/monkeys

–Mutation occurred allowing HIV to “jump” species

–First reported in 1981

A

AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV)

11
Q

outbreak in 2003, carried from SE Asia to Toronto, Canada

A

SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

12
Q

brought into US, infecting bird & mosquito poplulations

A

West Nile encephalitis

13
Q

1993 outbreak, traced to deer mouse, transmitted to humans through fecal contamination Southwest US

A

Hantavirus

14
Q

severe hemorrhaging & death (50-90% untreated). Outbreak confined to Africa

A

Ebola

15
Q

spread through contact of infected person, vaccine 1995

A

Chicken Pox

16
Q

last case 1977, vaccination wiped out

A

Smallpox

17
Q

vaccine available, extremely contagious

A

Measles

18
Q

major killer – 1918, 44 million died

A

Influenza

19
Q

Epstein-Barr virus, spread by infected saliva

A

Mononucleosis

20
Q

Infects CNS & leads to paralysis, often fatal. Vaccine has almost wiped it out

A

Polio

21
Q

infectious protein particle

A

Prions

22
Q

fatal neurodegenerative disorder

A

Kuru

23
Q

Another example of prions

A

Mad Cows Disease

24
Q

“ancient bacteria”

Extremophiles

A

Archaebacteria or

Domain: Archaea

25
Q

What extremophile lives in an anaerobic enviroment?

A

Methanogen

26
Q

What extremophile is found in hot springs,thermal vents, volcanoes (hot/acidic)

A

Thermoacidophiles

27
Q

–salt loving

•Found Great Salt Lake & Dead Sea

*is an extremophile

A

Halophiles

28
Q

“true bacteria”

Most of the bacteria today

More common type of prokaryote

A

Eubacteria

Domain: Bacteria

29
Q

Is Eubacteria Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

30
Q

Polysaccharide cross-linked peptide chains

A

Peptidoglycan

31
Q

tail-like filament that allows bacteria to move

A

Flagella

32
Q

unable to grow in the presence of oxygen (botulism, gas gangrene & tetanus)

A

Obligate Anaerobes

33
Q

grow in presence or absence of oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

34
Q

require oxygen (most bacteria)

A

Aerobic

35
Q

self feeders

A

Autotrophic

36
Q

What are the two types of Autotrophs?

A

Photoautotrophs (light/photosynthetic)

Chemoautotrophs (chemicals – hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide & ammonia)

37
Q

Chemoheterotrophs = organic nutrients

A

Heterotrophic

38
Q

breaks down large organic molecules into smaller one that can be absorbed (decomposers)

A

Saprotrophs

39
Q

Bacteria are often

A

Symbiotic

40
Q

Bacteria & host benefit

A

Mutualistic

41
Q

Examples of Mutalism

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes

bacteria in digestive tracts

42
Q

Bacteria benefits, host unharmed

A

Commensalistic

43
Q

Commensalistic Example

A

E. coli uses up available O2 in intestines, allowing obligate ananaerobes to live there as well

44
Q

Host is harmed

Pathogenic / diseases

A

Parasitic

45
Q

(1) Produce toxins &/or
(2) adhere to surfaces and
(3) may invade organs or cells

A

Pathogens

46
Q

How is Bacillus (pl. bacilli) shaped?

A

rod shaped

47
Q

Examples of Bacillus

A

Coccobacilli, Pseudomonas

48
Q

How is Coccus (pl. cocci) shaped?

A

round / spherical

49
Q

Examples of Coccus

A

Staphylococci, Streptococci

50
Q

How is Spirillum (pl. spirilli) shaped?

A

helical-shaped

51
Q

Examples of Sprillium

A

Spirillum volutans

52
Q

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall

Purple when stained

A

Gram-Postive

53
Q

More common

Thinner peptidoglycan cell wall

pink when stained

A

Gram-Negative

54
Q

small strand of DNA containing very few genes

A

plasmid

55
Q

Two ways that bacteria can reproduce

A

Conjugation and Binary Fission

56
Q

Bacterial sexual reproduction

A

Conjugation

57
Q

Bacterial asexual reproduction

A

Binary Fission

58
Q

Formerly - blue-green algae (Gram-negative bacteria)

Photosynthetic

Introduced O2 to primitive atmosphere

Some -fix nitrogen

food source for aquatic ecosystems

found - fresh water, soil, moist surfaces, hot springs

A

Cyanobacteria

59
Q

Bacillus anthracis

Biological agent, flu-like symptoms, not contagious, treat w/ antibiotics

A

Anthrax

60
Q

Clostridium botulinum

Caused by improperly canned foods, produces a toxin

A

Botulism

61
Q

Vibrio cholerae

Found in areas of poor sanitation, digestive tract diseases

A

Cholera

62
Q

Streptococcus

Caused by strep sticking to teeth, eating sugars, producing acid that rots teeth

A

Dental Caries

63
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

Called Hansens disease – skin lesions

A

Leprosy

64
Q

Borrelia bergdorferi

vector, - deer tick, bulls eye rash, joint pain, lethargy, treat w/ antibiotics

A

Lyme Disease

65
Q

Helicobacter pylori

Treat w/ antibiotics

A

Peptic Ulcers

66
Q

Yersinia pestis

Bubonic plague –bite of flea, pneumonic plague – inhaled. Major killer

A

Plague

67
Q

Streptococcus

–Respiratory disease

( Streptococcus also causes sore throat, rheumatic fever)

Can be bacterial or viral

A

Pneumonia

68
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

–Respiratory infection, contagious, many strains are resistant to our antibiotics

A

Tuberculosis

69
Q

“Silent STD”

Pelvic Inflamatory Disease (PID) – sterility

A

Chlamydia

70
Q

can lead to PID and sterility

A

Gonorrhea

71
Q

appears as blister / sores

End stage results in heart disease, mental deficiency, nerve damage, loss of motor function, and blindness

A

Syphilis

72
Q

List the importance of Bacteria

A

Carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, anibiotics, and clean enviromental pollutants

73
Q

nucleus and organelles

A

Eukaryotic

74
Q

Describes how a large host cell and ingested bacteria could easily become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. Over millions of years of evolution, mitochondria and chloroplasts have become more specialized and today they cannot live outside the cell.

A

endosymbiotic theory

75
Q

Some scientist argue protist are not a

A

Kingdom

76
Q

This group includes land plants and other photosynthetic organisms, such as green and red algae, that have organelles derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria

A

Supergroup: Archaeplastids

77
Q

Majority are unicellular, but some are multicellular

Live in variety of moist environments (oceans, freshwater, treebark…)

A

Green Algae

78
Q

Example of Green Algae

A

Chlamydomonas

79
Q

Description of Chlamydomonas

A
  • Unicellular
  • 2 Flagella – front end, breaststroke
80
Q

The chloroplast in Chlamydomonas contains

A

Pyrenoid and eyespot (stigma)

81
Q

produces starch

A

Pyrenoid

82
Q

bright red, sensitive to light (helps them find light for photosynthesis)

A

Eyespot (stigma)

83
Q

Two flagella at the anterior end are used for

A

Locomotion

84
Q

unicellular, common on tree bark and soil.

A

Chlorella

85
Q

500 to 60,000 indiv. cells

A

Colonial green algae

86
Q

¢Colonial green algae

—w/ 500 to 60,000 indiv. cells

¢Flagella - produce directional movement

¢Daughter colonies will leave to form new colonies

¢Vegetative cells don’t reproduce

True division of labor Not all cells reproduce.

***Beginning of cell specialization***

A

Genus Volvox

87
Q

¢Multicellular green algae

¢– sea lettuce

¢marine

¢2 cells thick

¢Up to 1 meter long

A

Genus: Ulva

88
Q

¢filamentous green algae

¢Ribbonlike, spiralled chloroplasts

¢Asexual & sexual reproduction

A

Charophytes: Genus Spirogyra

89
Q

¢DNA transfer between cells

A

Sexual: Conjugation tube

90
Q

¢product of fertilization

A

Diploid Zygote

91
Q

Most - multicellular

  • Found shallow and deep waters
  • Grow in warm seawater
  • Economically important: agar: gel capsules, dental impressions, cosmetics, media for bacteria, foods (jellies & desserts)
  • Genus Porphyra – Important Food crop for Japan – sushi roll wrapping.
A

The Red Algae

92
Q

gel capsules, dental impressions, cosmetics, media for bacteria, foods (jellies & desserts)

A

Agar

93
Q

Made of two large subgroups

  1. ) Stramenopiles- have flagella (or descended from organisms that had flagella)
    - Brown Algae
    - Diatoms
    - Water Molds
  2. ) Alveolates- Unicellular protist that habe alveoli (small sacs) just below their cell membrane.
    - Dinoflagellates
    - Ciliates
    - Apicomplexans
A

Supergroup: Chromalveolates

94
Q

¢responsible for most of the food production through photosynthesis. (up to 100m)

A

Kelp

95
Q

¢grasping portion - attach themselves to rocks.

A

holdfasts

96
Q

¢flat portion

A

Blade

97
Q

¢give buoyancy

A

Air bladders

98
Q

¢sometimes break off from holdfasts & form floating masses

—Float due to airbladders

A

Genus Sargassum

99
Q

¢Autotrophic

¢Unique double shells made of silica - fit togetether like a ”hat box” or petri dish

¢“diatomaceous earth” (remains) on ocean floor

—used as an abrasive (silver & toothpaste)

—Filtering agents & soundproofing

¢Reproduce asexually – each offspring gets one old shell, and a new shell grows until it is 30% size of the original

– then sexually reproduce

A

The Diatoms

100
Q

Unique double shells made of silica - Shells are like boxes with lids, one half of the shell fitting inside the other

A

Chrysophyta

101
Q

¢Most live in water

¢Parasites or saprotrophic – fish, insects, decomposing remains – form furry growths

¢Cellulose cell wall, not chitin like fungus

¢Phytophthora infestans – resp. for potato famine of Ireland in 1840

A

Water Molds

102
Q

How do saprotrophics obtain their nutrients?

What water can they survive in?

Where can they also live?

A

obtains nutrients from dead material

Fresh or salt water

Also live in soil

103
Q

¢photosynthetic

¢Contain cellulose and silica walls

¢2 flagella, 1 extends out while the other wraps around the organism

¢Symbiontic w/ jellyfish, sea anemones, mollusks and corals

  • “red tide”- “blooms”
  • Dinoflagellates undergo abnormal growth. This leads to an increase in toxin levels which kills fish in the environment. Can lead to human poisoning, if consumed
A

Dinoflagelletes

104
Q

unicellular organisms that move by cilia

A

Ciliates(paramecium)

105
Q

semi-rigid outer covering

A

Pellicle

106
Q

barbed threads used for defense/capturing prey

A

Trichocysts

107
Q

structure where food enters

A

Gullet

108
Q

Wastes excreted – anal pore

Reproduction

A

Food Vacoule

109
Q

causes malaria

Spread by mosquitoes (vector)

Invades RBC’s

Chills & fever occur when RBC’s rupture releasing toxins

A

Apicomplexans- Plasmodium

110
Q

Nonmotile, spore-forming parasite Spores enter bloodstream of person and they make their way to the liver and reproduce asexuallySpores reenter bloodstream, rupture, releasing toxic substances.

A

The Sporozoans

111
Q

autotrophic or heterotrophic (1/3 have chloroplast)

Pyrenoid – region of chloroplast – produces paramylon carbohydrate

Pellicle – flexible protein - shape

2 Flagella - movement

Stigma or eyespot - @ base of flagella - light sensitive

Contractile vacuole – rids body of excess water

A

Euglenoid

112
Q

African sleeping sickness

  • Lack of O2 to brain causes lethargy
  • Tsetse flies - vector
A

Trypanosomes

113
Q

responsible for hiker’s diarrhea

A

Giardia lamblia

114
Q

Parasitic & free living

No definite shape

Locomotion pseudopods (Greek “false” and “foot”)

Feed – phagocytosis – digestion occurs in “food vacuole”

Ameobic dysentery , caused by amoeba, can be fatal if they infect the brain or liver.

A

The Amoebas

115
Q
  • Exist as a plasmodium:
  • Plasmodium- mass of “Cell bodies” that are not separated into individual cells
  • Creeps along -resembles slime –phagocytizing decaying plant material in forest
  • Produce spores in dry environments, which will germinate when moisture returns
A

Plasmodial Slime Molds

116
Q
  • a non-walled multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that resembles moving mass of slime
A

Plasmodium

117
Q

Exist as individual amoeboid cells

  • Common in soil
  • Moves through soil or substrate ingesting bacteria and yeasts
  • When conditions are not favorable, they will aggregate and produce spores until conditions are more favorable.
A

Cellular slime molds

118
Q

Related to sponges (greatly resemble the feeding cells of sponges)

Filter feeders: whipping their flagellum circulates the water through the collar, where microvilli take in nutrients

A

Choanoflagellates

119
Q

Glassy silicon test (skeleton)

Many needles – like pseudopods

A

Radiolarians

120
Q

Marine

  • Tests – calcium carbonate skeleton
  • Pseudopods - Cytoplasmic projections extend through openings in the test
  • “White Cliffs of Dover” - Southern England - rich in foraminiferan deposits.
  • Egyptian pyramids – foraminiferan limestone
A

Foraminifera