Exam 3

Question 1

stored energy

Answer 1

potential energy

Question 2

energy of movement

Answer 2

kinetic energy

Question 3

food

Answer 3

chemical energy

Question 4

movement

Answer 4

mechanical energy

Question 5

sun

Answer 5

solar energy

Question 6

heat

Answer 6

thermal energy

Question 7

What is entropy?

Answer 7

is a relative measure of disorganization

Question 8

The more organized something is, the more _________

Answer 8

potential energy

Question 9

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to another

Energy in the universe remains constant

Answer 9

First Law of Thermodynamics

Question 10

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

Disorder(entropy) increases with every transformation

Results in a loss of usable energy(heat)

Answer 10

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Question 11

Anabolism

Answer 11

building molecules

• Requires energy
• Endergonic reactions- product has more energy

Question 12

Endergonic

Answer 12

energy goes into the reaction

Question 13

Catabolism

Answer 13

Breaking down of molecules

• Releases energy
• Exergonic reactions- product has less energy

Question 14

Exergonic

Answer 14

Energy goes out of the reaction

Question 15

Speeds up reactions

Answer 15

Catalyst

Question 16

Proteins that catalyze reactions

-Speed chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions

Answer 16

Enzymes

Question 17

Where substrate can bind

Answer 17

Active site

Question 18

• The reactant that binds with a enzyme is called a substrate
• “lock & key” fit

Answer 18

Enzyme-substrate complex

Question 19

Process of Catalyst/enzymes

Answer 19

1. Complex causes formation of product(reaction)
2. Product disassociates from enzyme
3. Enzyme now free to catalyze another substrate

Question 20

Happens when a molecule (the inhibitor) binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity

Answer 20

Enzyme inhibition

Question 21

Competes with same binding site (the active site)

–Substrate cannot bind

Answer 21

Competitive inhibitor

Question 22

Bind to enzyme in a place other than binding site

–allosteric site

–Causes change in shape of enzyme, unable to bind substrate so no product forms

Answer 22

Noncompetive inhibitors

Question 23

• For a reaction to occur, molecules must collide
• More substrate (molecules) usually means more reactions

Answer 23

Substrate Concentration

Question 24

•– act as coenzymes

–Coenzyme/ cofactor = non-protein organic molecule necessary for the enzyme to function

(Niacin, riboflavin)

Answer 24

Vitamins

Question 25

–Substance permanently binds to active site of an enzyme (cyanide poisoning) –Permanent inactivation or destroys it

Answer 25

Irreversible inhibition

Question 26

•– built into system –Buildup of a product leads to product acting as an allosteric inhibitor –When product levels decline, product released from allosteric site & enzyme active again •Ex. Glycolysis – buildup of ATP – inhibition

Answer 26

Feedback inhibition

Question 27

PH

Answer 27

–All enzymes have optimal pH •Ex. Pepsin’s optimal pH is 2 –Outside of optimal range, enzymes changes shape and is less affective (or even inactive)

Question 28

Temperature

Answer 28

–All enzymes have preferred temperature –↑ heat, ↑ reaction rate More heat means more molecular movement –If too high = denature proteins

Question 29

What is a biochemical pathway(or metabolic pathway)?

Answer 29

is a specific series of chemical reactions that take place in the cell

Question 30

ATP

Answer 30

Universal energy source (High energy compound, phosphate group is easily removed) **Adenosine triphosphate** – Nucleotide –Ribose – 5 carbon sugar –Adenine – Nitrogen-containing base –3 Phosphate bonds – Energy stored

Question 31

Formula for photosynthesis

Answer 31

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 32

Sunlight- know wavelengths available for photosynthesis-visible light spectrum

Answer 32

Visible light – between 400 – 740nm = “white light” –Visible light is most prevalent in environment * Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet * ROY G BIV

Question 33

primary and accesory pigments

Answer 33

•Chlorophyll a and b – primary pigments –Absorb violet, blue & red best – appear green (reflected) •Carotenoids – accessory role –Absorb violet-blue-green best, appear yellow/orange/red(reflected)

Question 34

organelles of photosynthesis

Answer 34

Chloroplasts

Question 35

•opening that allows gas exchange (CO2 ) –Lower side of leaves –Open & close to meet needs of plant –Controlled by guard cells

Answer 35

Stoma (stomata)

Question 36

•where most chloroplasts are located –Located between upper and lower epidermis

Answer 36

Mesophyll

Question 37

semifluid interior of a chloroplast

Answer 37

Stroma

Question 38

flattened sacs inside the Stroma

Answer 38

Thylakoids

Question 39

stacks of thylakoids

Answer 39

Grana

Question 40

collection of pigments that absorb solar energy

Answer 40

pigment complex

Question 41

Summary of photosynthesis

Answer 41

**•Light Reactions** 1. ) Solar energy is absorbed 2. )Water is split so oxygen is released 3. ) ATP and NADPH are produced Solar energy ⇒ Chemical energy(ATP, NADPH) **•Calvin Cycle Reactions** * 1.) Carbon dioxide is absorbed * 2.) Carbon dioxide is reduced to a carbohydrate by using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions Chemical energy ⇒ Chemical energy (ATP, NADPH) (Carbohydrate)

Question 42

Steps of the calvin cycle

Answer 42

1. **Fixation of Carbon Dioxide**: Carbon dioxide is added to the cycle 2. **Reduction of Carbon Dioxide**:Carbohydrate is produced using ATP & NADPH 3. **Regeneration of RUBP**: Some carbohydrate is recycled to continue the calvin cycle

Question 43

What high energy molecules are used to push the dark reactions, where did they come from?

Answer 43

**Glucose** **Come from**: From carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Question 44

Formula for cellular respiration

Answer 44

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Question 45

What causes fermentation?

Answer 45

Lack of oxygen

Question 46

Loss of electrons

Answer 46

Oxidation

Question 47

Gain of electrons

Answer 47

Reduction

Question 48

A series of electron carriers that pass electrons from one another

Answer 48

Electron transport chain