Biology *1080 Lecture 19

Question 1

What may influence lifespan?

Answer 1

Genetic Variation

Question 2

SNPs

Answer 2

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Question 3

What are SNPs?

Answer 3

A genomic variant at a single base position in the DNA (1 letter in genetic code is replaced by another)

Question 4

How many SNPs are there within the human population?

Answer 4

10 million (1 every 300 nucleotides)

Question 5

How do SNPs distinguish on individual from another?

Answer 5

SNPs can influence certain traits (how someone metabolizes, eye colour, etc)

Question 6

What is Lifestyle Genomics?

Answer 6

How lifestyle (sleep, stress) interacts with genetics

Question 7

What is an Example of Nutritional Genomics

Answer 7

An individual consumes caffeine

Depending on their gene, they may metabolize caffeine quickly or see no effect at all

Question 8

What do the number of SNPs in a single chromosome look like?

Answer 8

Extremely dense and is represented by a blue line

Question 9

What is aging associated with?

Answer 9

An increase in inflammatory cytokines

Question 10

What do inflammatory cytokines promote?

Answer 10

Inflammation that leads to diseases such as Alzheimers, arthritis, cardiovascular disease

Question 11

What is Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Answer 11

An inflammatory cytokine

Question 12

What is a positive correlation?

Answer 12

As one factor increases, so does the other

Question 13

What are plasma levels positively correlated with?

Answer 13

Greater mortality

Question 14

What is SNP in the promotor of IL-6 associated with?

Answer 14

Increased IL-6 and increased mortality rate

Question 15

Polymorphism:

Answer 15

a DNA sequence variation that is common in the population

Question 16

What is a promoter?

Answer 16

A region of DNA that initiates transcription. of a particular gene

Question 17

What is the ETC?

Answer 17

A cluster of proteins that carries electrons and drives creation of ATP for energy

Question 18

Does mitochondria contain genes?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

How much more does mitochondrial genome damage occur then the nuclear genome?

Answer 19

10 times more frequently

Question 20

Why does mitochondrial genome get damaged?

Answer 20

Due to the generation of reactive oxygen species

Question 21

DNA polymerase gamma?

Answer 21

Replicates and proof reads/repairs mitochondrial DNA

Question 22

What happens more frequently as we age?

Answer 22

Errors in replication

Question 23

Pol-G mouse

Answer 23

Genetically engineered to carry mutations in mitochondrial DNA polymerase y (gamma)

Question 24

What happens to a Pol-G mouse?

Answer 24

Weight loss, hair loss, curvature of spine and reduced life span

Question 25

How does Exercise correspond to aging?

Answer 25

Mitigates the negative effects of mutations

Question 26

What does an exercised mutated mouse brain weight look like?

Answer 26

Same as non-mutated (high cognitive function)

Question 27

What is Caloric Restriction?

Answer 27

20 to 40% reduction in daily energy intake but without malnutrition

Question 28

Two ways to prevent diabetes?

Answer 28

1. Metformin (preventative drug) 2. Lifestyle Interventions

Question 29

What are the lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes?

Answer 29

- 150 min per week of moderate exercise - Follow food pyramid - lose 7% of initial body weight

Question 30

What did the Incidence of diabetes blunt the best from?

Answer 30

Lifestyle Intervention