Lecture 14 Flashcards - Midterm #2

Question 1

What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Heart - Muscular Pump
Blood Vessels - Conduits for blood to flow
Blood - fluid that circulates through the body and carries material between cells (i.e, communication)

Question 2

What makes up the Circulatory System

Answer 2

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System

Question 3

What does the Cardiovascular System contribute to?

Answer 3

Transporting blood throughout the body

Question 4

What does the Lymphatic System contribute to?

Answer 4

Maintaining fluid balance and drainage

Question 5

What are examples of Cardiovascular disease?

Answer 5

• Coronary Artery Disease
• Stroke
• Heart Attack
• Heart Failure
• Hyper tension
  Diabetes

Question 6

Coronary Artery Disease:

Answer 6

Blood vessels that carry nutrients are blocked

Question 7

Stroke:

Answer 7

Brain in not getting blood

Question 8

Heart Attack:

Answer 8

Blood flow to heart becomes blocked

Question 9

Heart Failure:

Answer 9

Not pumping blood as effectively

Question 10

Diabetes:

Answer 10

Blood is more syrupy (lacks filtering substances)

Question 11

Where does deoxygenated blood go?

Answer 11

Returns to the right side of the heart (enters right atrium from venous circulation)

Question 12

What does the Atria receive?

Answer 12

Blood

Question 13

What happens when the heart contracts?

Answer 13

Pumps blood to the ventricles

Question 14

Where does the Right Ventricle put the deoxygenated blood?

Answer 14

To the lungs and left atrium

Question 15

Where does oxygenated blood go?

Answer 15

Leaves the left ventricle via the aorta

Question 16

Where is deoxygenated blood?

Answer 16

In the pulmonary artery

Question 17

Where is oxygenated Blood?

Answer 17

In the pulmonary vein

Question 18

Where does the blood end up?

Answer 18

In the capillaries

Question 19

Where is most of the blood in the body?

Answer 19

60% is in the systematic veins and venues

Question 20

What percent of blood is in the heart?

Answer 20

8%

Question 21

What percent of blood is in the capillaries?

Answer 21

5%

Question 22

What are the characteristics of Arteries?

Answer 22

Thick muscular walls (smooth muscle) designed to handle high pressures

Question 23

What is the average internal diameter of a artery?

Answer 23

4.0

Question 24

What is the average wall thickness of an artery?

Answer 24

1.0

Question 25

What are the characteristics of arterioles?

Answer 25

Less muscle (decrease in pressure), but lots of innervation to control smooth muscle contraction

Question 26

What is the average diameter of a arteriole?

Answer 26

0.03

Question 27

What is the average wall thickness of an arteriole?

Answer 27

0.006

Question 28

What are arterioles a main site of?

Answer 28

Blood pressure regulation

Question 29

What are characteristics of capillaries?

Answer 29

Does not contain any muscle, no ability to withstand high pressures

Question 30

What is maximized in the capillaries?

Answer 30

Fluid and solutes

Question 31

What is the average diameter of the capillaries?

Answer 31

0.008

Question 32

What is the average wall thickness of a capillary?

Answer 32

0.005

Question 33

What are the characteristics of a Venule?

Answer 33

Main site of lymphocytes (white blood cells) cross from blood to lymph notes

Question 34

What is the average diameter of a Venule?

Answer 34

0.02

Question 35

What is the average wall thickness of a Venule?

Answer 35

0.001

Question 36

What are the characteristics of the Veins?

Answer 36

Thin walled, fairly muscular for expansion and recoiling

Question 37

What is the average diameter of a vein?

Answer 37

5.0

Question 38

What is the average wall thickness of a vein?

Answer 38

0.5

Question 39

What does a normal artery look like?

Answer 39

Large diameter and able to withstand high pressure

Question 40

What does an artery with elevated LDL cholesterol look like?

Answer 40

Complete build up of plaque in the artery causing a blockage

Question 41

What is dyslipidemia?

Answer 41

A cardiovascular disease caused by the imbalance of lipids

Question 42

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 42

A cardiovascular disease in which there is a build up of plaque in the artery

Question 43

What is blood flow regulated by?

Answer 43

Hormones and neurological signalling

Question 44

What does not have blood flow at all times?

Answer 44

Capillary beds

Question 45

Where does blood travel faster?

Answer 45

The veins

Question 46

What has a large Surface area but a low velocity?

Answer 46

The capillaries

Question 47

Why is the capillaries optimal for nutrient exchange?

Answer 47

Due to the low velocity the blood is flowing slower, giving more time to exchange nutrients. Due to the large SA, it allows for a bigger site to exchange nutrients

Question 48

What is a cardiac output?

Answer 48

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Question 49

What is the resting blood flow cardiac output?

Answer 49

5 L/min

Question 50

What is the exercise blood flow cardiac output?

Answer 50

25.0L/min

Question 51

In resting blood flow, where will most of the blood be?

Answer 51

Evenly distributed

Question 52

In exercise blood flow, where will most of the blood be?

Answer 52

In the skeletal muscle

Question 53

In the veins, where is blood moved to?

Answer 53

The blood moves against gravity toward the heart by a pressure gradient between the left and right side of the heart

Question 54

What is the blood flow in the veins facilitated by?

Answer 54

The expansion of the thoracic cavity during breathing The contracting of the skeletal muscles The valves to prevent blood flow from flowing backwards

Question 55

What is varicose veins?

Answer 55

A one way- valve malfunction which causes the backwards flow of blood and pooling

Question 56

Where does varicose veins typically happen in?

Answer 56

The thigh and calves due to the saphenous vein

Question 57

What is the cardiac muscle tissue that the heart is made of?

Answer 57

Myrocardium

Question 58

What is a neural input?

Answer 58

involuntary, automatic

Question 59

What is a neural conduction?

Answer 59

gap junctions (i.e, chemical signalling)

Question 60

What is the metabolism of cardiac muscle?

Answer 60

It has a very high oxidative capacity, which lots of mitochondria It has fatigue resistance (doesn't rest)

Question 61

What is the diastole view of the heart?

Answer 61

Goes through the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve

Question 62

What is the systole view of the heart?

Answer 62

Goes through the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve

Question 63

What sound do you hear when the AV valves are closing?

Answer 63

"LUB"

Question 64

What sound do you hear when the Semilunar valves are closing?

Answer 64

"DUB"

Question 65

What is stenosis?

Answer 65

The narrowing of a valve

Question 66

What is stenosis caused by?

Answer 66

It may be congenital, caused by calcification, or scarring from rheumatic fever

Question 67

Symptoms of Stenosis?

Answer 67

Fatigue, shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, heart failure

Question 68

What are some artificial valve issues?

Answer 68

Durability (could have an issue with the material, i.e, carbon, titanium) Clot Formation (requires constant use of anticoagulant therapy - medication) Resistance to Flow (vulnerability to black flow and regurgitation)

Question 69

What is an alternative to artificial valves?

Answer 69

Biological valves, typically from pigs

Question 70

What is the issue with biological valves?

Answer 70

The body recognizes that it is not part of the body (need to take immunosuppressive drugs)