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Hesi A2 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

The cell

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2
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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3
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell activities and contains DNA

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6
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Organelles that produce energy (ATP) for the cell

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7
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of membranes that transports materials through the cell

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9
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Processes and packages proteins from the ER

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10
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Organelles that digest waste and break down worn-out cell parts

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11
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Store water and maintain turgor pressure in plant cells

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12
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs

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13
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which plants make glucose using sunlight, CO2, and water

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14
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process that breaks down glucose to produce ATP

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15
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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16
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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17
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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18
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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19
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

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20
Q

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

A

A pairs with T, G pairs with C

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21
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait

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22
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A structure containing DNA and proteins

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23
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 pairs)

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24
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division that produces two identical diploid cells

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25
What is meiosis?
Cell division that produces four genetically different gametes
26
What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
27
What is the difference between diploid and haploid?
Diploid has two sets of chromosomes
28
What are gametes?
Sex cells (sperm and egg)
29
What is fertilization?
The fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote
30
What is heredity?
The passing of traits from parents to offspring
31
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that is expressed when present (represented by capital letter)
32
What is a recessive allele?
An allele that is only expressed when two copies are present (lowercase letter)
33
What is genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism
34
What is phenotype?
The observable characteristics of an organism
35
What is natural selection?
The process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce
36
What is evolution?
Change in species over time
37
What is adaptation?
A trait that helps an organism survive in its environment
38
What is a species?
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
39
What is taxonomy?
The science of classifying organisms
40
What are the levels of classification?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
41
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of stable internal conditions
42
What is an enzyme?
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions
43
What factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration
44
What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions in an organism
45
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
Anabolism builds molecules
46
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
47
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from high to low concentration
48
What is active transport?
Movement of substances against concentration gradient using energy
49
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances without energy input
50
What is a food chain?
A sequence showing how energy flows through organisms
51
What is a food web?
Interconnected food chains in an ecosystem
52
What are producers?
Organisms that make their own food (plants)
53
What are consumers?
Organisms that eat other organisms
54
What are decomposers?
Organisms that break down dead material
55
What is an ecosystem?
All living and nonliving things in an area
56
What is a population?
All members of a species in an area
57
What is a community?
All populations in an area
58
What is symbiosis?
Close relationship between two species
59
What is mutualism?
Symbiotic relationship where both species benefit
60
What is parasitism?
Symbiotic relationship where one benefits and one is harmed
61
What is commensalism?
Symbiotic relationship where one benefits and one is unaffected
62
What is the nitrogen cycle?
The circulation of nitrogen through ecosystems
63
What is the carbon cycle?
The circulation of carbon through ecosystems
64
What is the water cycle?
The circulation of water through the environment
65
What is biodiversity?
The variety of life in an ecosystem
66
What is extinction?
The permanent loss of a species
67
What is conservation?
Protection and preservation of natural resources
68
What is pollution?
Harmful substances released into the environment
69
What is the greenhouse effect?
Trapping of heat in the atmosphere by certain gases
70
What is global warming?
Increase in Earth's average temperature
71
What is deforestation?
Large-scale removal of forests
72
What is an invasive species?
Non-native species that harms ecosystems
73
What is succession?
Gradual change in ecosystems over time
74
What is a biome?
Large region with similar climate and organisms
75
What is the tundra biome?
Cold, treeless region with permafrost

Hesi A2 (8 decks)

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