Biology and the Molecular biology of Cancers

Question 1

what is the new cases of cancer in 2013

Answer 1

352,197

Question 2

how many preventable cases of cancer are there

Answer 2

42%

Question 3

what are the new cases of cancer worldwide in 2012

Answer 3

14 million

Question 4

why is the number of cancer increasing in the population

Answer 4

due to early diagnosis and early detection

people are also living longer

Question 5

what are the causes of cancer

Answer 5

smoking 
poor diet leading go obesity
XS alcohol intake 
UV rays 
sedentary lifestyle

Question 6

how many cases of cancer can be prevented by lifestyle changes

Answer 6

more than 4 out of 10 cases

Question 7

what is the connection between nutrition and cancer

Answer 7

A healthy balanced diet with plenty of fibre, fruit and vegetables and less red andprocessed meat and salt can help cut cancer risk.

Question 8

which studies can we use to see which foods can increase or reduce the risk of cancers

Answer 8

EPIC study( European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition)

Question 9

risk of which cancers can be reduced by eating fruits and veggies

Answer 9

mouth cancer
oesophagus 
lung
larynx 
stomach cancer

Question 10

which minerals and vitamins are contained in fruits and veggies

Answer 10

carotenoids, 
folate,
 vitamin C, 
vitamin E, 
selenium,
 flavonoids and various other phytochemicals (chemicals found in plants).

Question 11

what do the vitamins and minerals in fruits and veggies do

Answer 11

Mopping up harmful chemicals that could potentially damage DNA.
Helping with repairing DNA.
Blocking the formation of cancer-causing chemicals.

Question 12

what are checkpoint inhibitor drugs

Answer 12

revolutionary drugs which increases survival rate different for certain types of cancer

Question 13

what does obesity lead to

Answer 13

generally leads to chronic inflammation and that can lead to cancer

Question 14

what is the risk rate of cancer when eating a diet low in fruits and veggies

Answer 14

1 in 20

Question 15

which vitamins are free radicals

Answer 15

vitamin E

Vitamin C

Question 16

Why might it be difficult to eat healthily

Answer 16

Socioeconomic factors like fruit and veggies are very expensive

Question 17

How do we prevent developing bowel cancer

Answer 17

Bowel screening for people above the angle of 40

Question 18

Why are anti oxidants important

Answer 18

During oxidative phosphorylation of aerobic respiration- free oxygen species are produced and these can bind to compounds in the body- eg if it binds to DNA can cause mutations

Question 19

Which group of people is bowel cancer less common in

Answer 19

People who eat a lot of fibre

Question 20

What are the benefits of fibre

Answer 20

Fibre increases the size of stools, dilutes their contents and helps people have frequent bowel movement
This reduces the content time between the bowel and harmful chemicals in the stools
Fibre may also help gut bacteria produce helpful chemicals that change the conditions in the Bowel

Question 21

what are phytochemicals

Answer 21

chemicals found in plants

Question 22

what is a big constituent of faeces

Answer 22

cells from the colon and harmful products

Question 23

how does eating too much meat increase the risk of cancer

Answer 23

chemicals found in the meats and some are natural and some added in the cooking or preservation stages

Question 24

eating too much red meat increases the risk of which types of cancer

Answer 24

pancreatic
stomach
bowel

Question 25

what are some natural chemicals in red meat

Answer 25

haem and myoglobin

Question 26

what is dangerous about too much haem

Answer 26

may damage cells in the bowel or fuel the production of harmful chemicals by bacteria in the gut.

Question 27

why dont white meats increase the risk of cancer

Answer 27

because they have less haem

Question 28

which chemicals are used to preserve meats

Answer 28

nitrate and nitrites

Question 29

what can nitrities be converted to in the liver

Answer 29

cancer causing chemicals called N-nitrosocompounds(NOCs)

Question 30

what is converted into N nitroso

Answer 30

nitrites

Question 31

why does grilling meats at high temperatures increase cancer risk

Answer 31

can produce cancer causing chemicals called heterocyclic amines(HCA) and polycyclic amines (PCA)

Question 32

which reaction can occur when grilling meats

Answer 32

the maillard reaction which the proteinsand sugar in the n=meat are converted into advanced glycation end products which are tasty

Question 33

what percentage of cancers have a nutritional connection

Answer 33

35%

Question 34

what is the risk of cancers when lifestyle factors such as smoking and exercise are included

Answer 34

as high as 85%

Question 35

what do cancer cells contain

Answer 35

genetic damage- the initial event leading to tumorgenesis

Question 36

how does cancer progress

Answer 36

by a two hit theory

Question 37

what is the two hit theory of cancer

Answer 37

normal cell----->pre cancer---->cancer----> invasive cancer cell

Question 38

what is tumorgensisis

Answer 38

the process fo converting normal cells into cancer invading cells

Question 39

what is the first stage of the two hit theory

Answer 39

normal cell---> pre cancer | this is called initiation- mutation 1

Question 40

what is the second stage of the theory

Answer 40

pre cancer----> cancer | promotion- mutation 2 stage

Question 41

what is the final stage of the cancer progression stage

Answer 41

cancer- invasive cancer | this is the progression stage eg metastasis

Question 42

how do people usually die from cancer

Answer 42

when it metastasises and forms secondary tumors

Question 43

what are the two type of genetic damage found in cancer cells

Answer 43

1. Dominant and the genes have been termed proto-oncogenes. 2. Recessive and the genes variously termed tumor suppressors, growth suppressors, recessive oncogenes or anti-oncogenes.

Question 44

what are the changes in cells that cause cancer (6 THINGS)

Answer 44

1. sustained angiogenesis 2. self sufficiency in growth signals 3. insensitivity to antigrowth signals 4. tissue invasion and metastasis 5. limitless replicative potential 6. evasion of apoptosis

Question 45

what is the development and metastasis of human colorectal cancer

Answer 45

``` a polyp grows on the colon wall benign precancerous tumor grows a class II benign adenoma grows a class III benign adenoma grows a malignant carcinoma develops ```

Question 46

what is limitless replicative potential

Answer 46

cells do not reach the end of the replicative potential due to the fact that Telomerase increases the telomere size Cancer cells can activate telomerase which stops them from dying

Question 47

which cells is telomerase important

Answer 47

eg in sperm cells

Question 48

why is henrietta lacks important

Answer 48

HeLa cell line- immortal cell lineage she had a | epidermoid carcinoma

Question 49

what would happen if sperm cells did not have telomerase

Answer 49

after 4/5 generations we would not be able to reproduce

Question 50

how do we detect colon cancer

Answer 50

colonscopy- can detect pre cancerous lesions which can be removed in procedure

Question 51

what is metastasis

Answer 51

the access of cells from primary tumour into circulation and the cells acquiring certain properties which allow them to survive in different types of tissue and be undetected by the immune system

Question 52

what is antiangiogenic therapy

Answer 52

inhibits the growth of new blood vessels.

Question 53

what size does the tumour grow till

Answer 53

2mm- as if it is bigger the inside of tumour dies due to lack of o2

Question 54

what is angiogensis

Answer 54

the formation of blood vessels

Question 55

what are common sites of cancer metastasis

Answer 55

``` brain respiratory lymph nodes liver skeletal ```

Question 56

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the brain

Answer 56

headaches seizures vertigo

Question 57

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the respiratory system

Answer 57

cough hemoptysis- coughing up blood dyspenea- shortness of breath

Question 58

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the lymph nodes

Answer 58

lymphadenopathy

Question 59

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the liver

Answer 59

hepatomegaly- enlargement of the liver | jaudice

Question 60

what are the symptoms of metastasis in the skeletal

Answer 60

pain fractures spinal cord compression

Question 61

what is the difference and distrinction between the terms proto-oncogene and oncogene

Answer 61

the activity of the protein product

Question 62

what is a proto oncogene

Answer 62

a gene whose protein product has the capacity to induce cellular transformation given it sustains some genetic insult eg by a mutation

Question 63

what is an onco ogene

Answer 63

sustained some genetic damage and therefore produces a protein capable of cellular transformation

Question 64

which is the cancerous form of the protoncogene

Answer 64

the oncogene

Question 65

what is the classification of proto oncogenes

Answer 65

1. Growth Factors 2. Cell receptors/ProteinKinases 3. Membrane Associated G-Proteins/2nd Messengers 4. Nuclear DNA-Binding/Transcription Factors 5. Other genes involved in DNA repair/cell-cycle control

Question 66

how do proto oncogene activate into a oncogene

Answer 66

gene mutation or retroviral integration.

Question 67

how are proto oncogene classified into different groups

Answer 67

by normal functions within cells

Question 68

what do proto oncogene control in cells

Answer 68

CELL GROWTH PROLIFERATION DIFFERENTIATION

Question 69

what is a v- proto oncogene

Answer 69

signify viral origin which are resident in transforming retroviruses

Question 70

what is c- proto oncogene

Answer 70

homologous genes of cellular origin comes from a mutation rather than a virus