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DAT > Biology - Chapter 10: Plants > Flashcards

Biology - Chapter 10: Plants Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Seed coat

A

Hard outer layer that covers and protects the seed

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2
Q

Endosperm

A

Storage material, provides the embryo with nutrients

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3
Q

Embryo Parts

A

1) Radicle - develops into root
2) Hypocotyl - bottom region of young shoot
3) Plumule - develops into leaves
4) Epicotyl - shoot tip

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4
Q

Germination

A

Sprouting of a seedling from dormant state when environmental conditions are favorable

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5
Q

Meristems

A

Where plant growth takes place (via mitosis)

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6
Q

Primary growth

A

Vertical growth occurring at apical meristems

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7
Q

Root tip growth zones

A
  • Zone of division
  • Zone of elongation
  • Zone of maturation
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8
Q

Secondary growth

A

Horizontal growth occurring at lateral meristems. Only occurs in woody plants.

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9
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Ring of meristematic tissue located between primary xylem and primary phloem

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10
Q

Cork cambium

A

Ring of meristematic tissue located outside in the phloem, produces cork, outermost protective layer

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11
Q

Ground tissue

A

provides structural support, makes up most of plant’s mass

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12
Q

Parenchyma

A

Filler tissue, makes up bulk of plant, thin cell walls

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13
Q

Collenchyma

A

Extra support, irregular cell walls

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14
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Provides main structural support, thick cell walls

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15
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transports materials from source to sink

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16
Q

Phloem

A
  • Transport sugars from leaves to roots

- Made of sieve cells and companion cells

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17
Q

Sieve cells

A

Form a tunnel for transport, no organelles

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18
Q

Companion cells

A

Connected to sieve cells, contain organelles

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19
Q

Xylem

A
  • Transports water from roots to leave

- Made of tracheids and vessel elements

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20
Q

Tracheids

A

Long and thin, water travels through pits in their tapered ends

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21
Q

Vessel elements

A

Short and stout, water travels via perforations in cell walls

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22
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

Outer layer of the plant, provides protection and regulation

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23
Q

Epidermis

A

Covered by waxy layer which prevents water evaporation

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24
Q

Root hairs

A

Increase surface area of roots for greater nutrient and water uptake

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25
Symplastic pathway
Inside the cell's cytoplasm, Water uptake in the roots
26
Apoplastic pathway
Outside the cell through cell walls, Water uptake in the roots
27
Stomata
- In the lower epidermis - Open and close allowing for gas exchange - Surrounded by guard cells
28
Stomata are closed when...
... CO2 concentration and temperature are high
29
Stomata are open when...
... CO2 concentratioon is low
30
Desiccation
Water loss
31
Palisade mesophyll
Closer to upper epidermis, tightly packed cells that carry out photosynthesis
32
Spongy mesophyll
Closer to lower epidermis, loosely packed allowing for gas exchange
33
Bundle sheath cells
Surround and protect the vascular bundle
34
Cohesion-tension theory
- Transpiration causes water to evaporate from stomata and leads to a transpirational pull - This cohesive force pulls water column upward
35
Capillary action
Adhesive force due to attraction between water and xylem vessels causes water to climb upwards
36
Root pressure
Build up in roots, causing a osmotic gradient that drives water from soil into the roots
37
Pressure flow hypothesis
- Source cells produce sugar and load it into phloem - Increased sugar concentration creates a gradient pulling water into phloem - Turgor pressure in phloem increases, resulting in bulk flow movement of sugar from leaves down to roots
38
Ethylene
Gas that increases fruit ripening
39
Auxins
Cause cell growth in certain directions (tropism)
40
Phototropism
growth towards light
41
Gravitropism
growth away from pull of gravity
42
Thigmotropism
growth in response to contact
43
Cytokinins
Regulate cell differentiation and division with auxins
44
Gibberellins
Stem and shoot elongation, flowering, leaf and fruit death
45
Abscisic Acid
Functions during stress
46
Alternation of Generation
2 haploid gametes fuse, produce diploid zygote --> zygote becomes sporophyte via mitosis --> produces haploid spores via meiosis --> spore becomes gametophyte via mitosis--> gametophyte produces gametes
47
Homosporous Plants
Bisexual gametophyte, produces one type of spore
48
Heterosporous Plants
Produce two types of spores: 1) Microspores (male) 2) Megaspores (female)
49
Bryophytes
- Nonvascular plants: small and short - e.g.: mosses, hornworts, liverworts - Contain rhizoids (water-absorption hairs) - Majority of life spent in gametophyte stage - Reduced sporophyte which is attached to gametophyte
50
Tracheophytes
- Vascular: growth vertically and tall, have root system! - Spend most of life cycle in sporophyte stage - Include seedless - Include seed-bearing (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
51
Seedless Tracheophytes
- Mostly heterosporous with flagellated sperm - Lycophytes and pterophytes - e.g. club moss, quillworts, fern, horsetail
52
Seed-bearing Tracheophytes
- All heterosporous | - Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
53
Gymnosperms
- Unprotected seeds - e.g. conifers, spruce, redwood - Sperm is not flagellated and is dispersed in seeds by wind
54
Angiosperms
- Most abundant plant - Flower bearing and produce fruit from plant ovary - Sperm is not flagellated and is dispersed by wind and animals, often as pollen - Can exhibit double fertilization
55
Flower Structure
- Petals - Stamen (male sex organ): composed of anther and filaments - Pistil (female sex organ): composed of stigma, style and ovary
56
Fertilization
Pollen lands on stigma --> tube cell elongates down style forming pollen tube --> generative cell travels down pollen tube to ovary --> splits forming two sperm cells
57
Angiosperm: Cotyledons
First leaves to appear on seedling. Contain nutrients from seed to feed growing seedling
58
Angiosperm: Monocots
- Single cotyledon - Long narrow lead, parallel veins - Vascular bundles scattered - Floral parts in multiples of 3
59
Angiosperm: Dicots
- Two cotyledon - Broad leaf, network of veins - Vascular bundles in ring - Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
60
Nitrogen Fixation
-Plants have symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
61
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
- in root nodules of legumes | - fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and ammonium
62
Nitrifying bacteria
-convert ammonia and ammonium to nitrites and then to nitrates

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