Biology - Chapter 11.3: Human Immune System

Question 1

Innate Immune System

Answer 1

• First line of defense

- Nonspecific immune response (generalized)

Question 2

Outer Walls

Answer 2

1) Skin
2) Cilia
3) Stomach acid
4) Symbiotic bacteria

Question 3

Rally signaling

Answer 3

Mast cell release histamine which dilates blood vessels, making vessels more permeable to let immune cells into tissue

Question 4

DAT Mnemonic for 5 Signs of Inflammation

Answer 4

S welling
L oss of function
I ncreased heat
P ain
R edness

Question 5

Diapedesis

Answer 5

Process by which cells move from capillaries to tissues in order to fight pathogens.

Question 6

DAT Mnemonic Five Main Types of Leukocytes from Highest to Lowest Quantity

Answer 6

N ever     (Neutrophils)
L et          (Lymphocytes)
M onkeys       (Macrophages/Monocytes)
E at                 (Eosinophils)
B ananas         (Basophils)

Question 7

Neutrophils

Answer 7

• Phagocyte
• Innate immunity
• Make up over half of all leukocytes

Question 8

Lymphocytes

Answer 8

• B and T Cells (Adaptive Immunity)

- Natural Killer Cells (Innate Immunity)

Question 9

NK Cells

Answer 9

• Natural Killer Cells
• Attack virally-infected cells + cancerous cells
• Use perforin to create holes and granzyme to lyse cells

Question 10

Macrophages/Monocytes

Answer 10

• Phagocyte
• Innate immunity
• Can act as antigen-presenting cells to activate adaptive immunity

Question 11

Eosinophils

Answer 11

• Have granules that kill pathogens, parasites

- Innate immunity

Question 12

Basophils

Answer 12

-Similar to mast cells

Question 13

Dendritic Cells

Answer 13

• Part of innate immunity
• Scan tissues using pinocytosis/phagocytosis
• Migrate to lymph nodes to activate adaptive immunity

Question 14

Interferons

Answer 14

• prepare cells for virus attack

- activate dendritic cells

Question 15

Complement System

Answer 15

• Group of approximately 30 proteins that aid immune cells in fighting pathogens
• Turn on each other via complement cascade
• Release cytokines

Question 16

Complement Protein Actions

Answer 16

• Opsonization (tags antigens for phagocytosis)
• Amplifies inflammatory response
• Forms membrane attack complex

Question 17

Adaptive Immune Response

Answer 17

-specific immune response (targets specific antigens)

Question 18

MHC

Answer 18

• Major Histocompatibility Complex

- recognizes self proteins from non-self proteins

Question 19

MHC Class I

Answer 19

-Present on all nucleated cells

Question 20

MHC Class II

Answer 20

• Surface molecule present on antigen-present cells

- Used to present foreign antigens to activate immune cells

Question 21

B Cells

Answer 21

• Control antibody-mediated immunity
• manage production and release of antibodies
• activate antigen-presenting cells

Question 22

Antibodies

Answer 22

• Immunoglobins
• Structurally identical to b cell receptors but freely circulate in blood and lymph
• Tag antigens for phagocytosis, neutralize the antigen by coating it, or activate the complement system

Question 23

DAT Mnemonic Classes of Antibodies

Answer 23

Me (IgM)
And  (IgA)
Eve  (IgE)
Don't  (IgD)
Go   (IgG)

Question 24

IgM

Answer 24

• largest antibody

- first antibody to be produced and activates the complement system

Question 25

IgA

Answer 25

- in bodily secretions (binds externally) | - passive immunity via breast milk

Question 26

IgE

Answer 26

- antigen receptor in basophils and mast cells | - triggers allergic reaction when bound to an allergen releases histamine

Question 27

IgD

Answer 27

-only small amounts are produced

Question 28

IgG

Answer 28

- Most abundant antibody in circulation | - Only antibody that can cross the placenta and give fetus passive antibody

Question 29

Memory B Cells

Answer 29

- Survive for a long time and lay dormant until reactivated by the same antigen - Trigger original clonal expansion - After reactivation, memory B cells cause massive antibody production

Question 30

T-Cells

Answer 30

- control cell mediated immunity by directly actin on cells instead of sending antibodies out - unique T cell receptors - Must bind to antigens presented on antigen-presenting cells to be activated

Question 31

MHC I Presentation

Answer 31

- T Cells differentiate into CD8 T Cells (Cytotoxic T Cells) - Kill infected cells through perforin and granzymes - More specific and require antigen presentation, unlike natural killer cells

Question 32

MHC II Presentation

Answer 32

- T Cells differentiate into CD4 T Cells (helper T Cells) - Helper T Cells release cytokines to boost both innate immunity and adaptive immunity - Help attract other cells and increase proliferation of other T and B Cells

Question 33

Passive Immunity

Answer 33

- Receiving antibodies from another organism that already has that immunity - placenta, breast feeding

Question 34

Active Immunity

Answer 34

-Already had been infected once already by pathogen and contains memory B and T Cells