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biology exam Flashcards

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1
Q

prophase

A

Chromatin strands become more tightly coiled and the strands join together called chromosomes

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2
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromere the tugging action causes the chromosomes to pull apart making a line across the cell

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3
Q

anaphase

A

the centromere pulls apart the 2 copies of the sister chromosomes

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4
Q

telophase

A

the chromatids reach the poles and the centrioles and spindle fibers disappear, The nucleus membrane and nucleolus start to form

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5
Q

cytokinesis

A

the cell splits becoming identical daughter cells

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6
Q

why is crossing over so important

A

it is important for genetic variation

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7
Q

3 kinds of dominance

A

Codominance - when both alleles are expressed at the same time (a brown cow with white spots)
incomplete dominance - alleles combine (red cow + white cow = pink cow)
Complete dominance - when only one allele is expressed

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8
Q

recessive traits and how you see them

A

Recessive traits are shown when a homozygous dominant and a heterozygous have kids there is a chance the recessive traits will be expressed

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9
Q

what is Turner syndrome?

A

Tuner
Monosomic and XO, Short stature, Webbed neck, Sexually underdeveloped

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10
Q

what is Down syndrome

A

Downs
extra 21 chromosomes
Almond eyes, flattened face, Weak muscle tone

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11
Q

what is Klenfieder

A

Klenfieder
XXY
Breast swelling, Sexually immature, Tall stature

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12
Q

genotypes, who can donate and receive type A

A

Phenotype A
Genotype AA, AO
Donate A,AB
Receive A, O

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13
Q

genotypes, who can donate and receive type B

A

Phenotype B
Genotype BB, BO
Donate B,AB
Receive B, O

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14
Q

genotypes, who can donate and receive type AB

A

Phenotype AB
Genotype AB
Donate AB
Receive All

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15
Q

genotypes, who can donate and receive type o

A

Phenotype O
Genotype OO
Donate All
Receive O

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16
Q

Can a father with blood type A and a mother with blood type B have a child with blood type O? Explain.

A

If a parent has the genotype AO or BO they have a 50% chance of having a child with O-type blood

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17
Q

the function of the liver

A

breaks down toxic substances into non-toxic ones
Convert glucose into glycogen
produces biles

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18
Q

the function of the gallbladder

A

Stores bile and releases it to break down fat in the small intestine

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19
Q

the function of the pancreas

A

produces insulin

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20
Q

the function of the small intestine

A

Digestion of lipids and carbs receives chyme and secretions from the gall bladder and pancreas

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21
Q

the function of the large intestine

A

waste removal and absorption of water and lipids

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22
Q

the function of the stomach

A

Digestion of protein
Churn food to break it down
Mucus protects the stomach lining

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23
Q

where does it take place?

A

Mouth - amylase, carbs
Stomach- protein, pepsin
Small intestine- protein lipids and carbs, bile is used to emulsify fat, lipase, proteases and peptidases
The mouth is neutral - So the teeth don’t rot

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24
Q

the pH level of these structures

A

The mouth
neutral So the teeth don’t rot
Small intestine
8 and neutral, release into the first section to protect the small intestine or You can get ulcers
stomach
acidic and Helps break down food, HCL activates pepsin (inactive HCL won’t digest)
mucus protects the stomach layers

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25
function of the epiglottis
Prevents cough/choking Covers your airway
26
what are bicarbonate ions?
Acidic chyme enters if not protected by bile will cause ulcers
27
what are the valves of the heart
aortic valve mitral valve tricuspid valve pulmonary valve
28
functions of the heart
Transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide Distribution of nutrients and waste disposal Maintain body temperature Circulation of hormones
29
locations of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood on the left Deoxygenated blood on the right
30
eletorcadiaogram
Tachycardia – heart rate exceeds 100 beats/minute Brachycardia – heart beats very slowly First P wave – SA node fires atria contraction QRS complex – AV node stimulates ventricles to contract. Final T wave –ventricles relax
31
what is the formula for cardiac output?
Heart rate X stroke volume
32
what is vessel elasticity?
A healthy artery expands and recoils when absorbing the shock of systolic pressure When a person’s arteries harden they do not expand as they should and become weaker and weaker causing high blood pressure
33
what is blood volume
Blood volume increases when water retention from too much salt causes high blood pressure
34
what is plasma
the liquid part of the blood 90% water
35
what is hemoglobin
an iron-containing pigment that increases the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen
36
what is platelets
Colourless has no nucleus and Initiates blood clotting
37
what is white blood cells
Destroys invaders with antibodies
38
what is red blood cells
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
39
the function of the respiratory system
Function of the respiratory system 1. Breathing – the movement of gasses between the respiratory membrane of living things and their environment 2. Gas Exchange 3. Cellular Respiration glucose + oxygen -carbon dioxide + water + energy
40
where does gas exchange happen
In the alveoli, oxygen-depleted blood enters and gets infused with O2 and flows out through the venue to the rest of the body, the CO2 gets defused into the alveoli and will be exhaled into the air.
41
theory of natural selection the peppered moths
The peppered moths When the trees became dark due to the industrial revolution, white or light moths couldn’t camouflage as easily and would get eaten quicker, therefore they couldn’t reproduce and the dark moths reproduced more
42
homologous vs analogous structures
Homologous Body parts that are similar in structure but have different functions, these structures are similar because they came from a common ancestor Analogous Body parts that have the same function but different internal structures, don’t have any common ancestors
43
vestigial structures
reduced version of a structure that is not functional but was used in the organism's ancestor
44
mimicry
harmless species resemble (mimic) a harmful species so predators will avoid them because they think they are harmful
45
fitness
The amount of offspring an organism can have more offspring = more fitness
46
Prezygotic-temporal
**Temporal** Two species that live in the same place but have different mating seasons
47
hybrid inviability
Hybrid inviability death in the womb or just after birth
48
types of selection
Directional Selection favours phenotypes at one extreme over the other favours an intermediate phenotype and selects against extreme variants of the phenotype Disruptive Selection favours extreme phenotypes rather than intermediate phenotypes
49
Binomial nomenclature
the system of giving a 2-word Latin name to each species, EX. Homo sapiens Homo Mayor group, the organisms belong to sapiens Specific species the organisms belong to
50
lytic vs lysogenic
1. Lytic cycle The host cell is invaded Virus replicates genetic info Multiple viruses released and activate The host cell is destroyed 2. Lysogenetic cycle The host cell is invaded, viral DNA attaches to the chromosomes Remains dormant as a provirus but continues to replicate Passes through generations without harm Triggered by nutrient change or stimulus Virus becomes lytic and causes infection and death of many cells
51
vascular bundles - structure and function
Transport water and other substances Contains xylem and phloem
52
where are stomata and guard cells located and function
**Stomata** Pores in the epidermis that allow gas exchange, including water vapour Found on the underside of the leaf Found at the bottom of the plant cell for protection from incests water loss maximum photosynthesis **Guard cells ** Occur in pairs around stomata Regulate opening and closing of stomata
53
the pathway of water and dissolved minerals as it is absorbed from the soil and reaches the vascular tissue
Water and minerals being absorbed in soil travel up the tree Sugar is produced by photosynthesis in the leaf, it travels through the tree and is stored in the roots
54
mayor location of photosynthesis in leaves
The major location of photosynthesis in leaves is in the palisade cell, they must balance the need to maximize photosynthesis with the problem of drying out
55
difference in monocots and dicots
Monocots Veins are parallel Vascular bundles are scattered Dicots Veins are net-like Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
56
prezygotic -behavioural
**behavioural** behaviours that prevent other organisms. from wanting to mate with organisms preventing fertilization
57
prezygotic - mechanical isolation
**mechanical isolation** Their reproductive organs don’t fit preventing fertilization.
58
prezygotic-gamate isoaltion
**gamete isolation** An egg and sperm from 2 different species meet gametic isolation, the zygote doesn’t form
59
hybrid breakdown
Hybrid breakdown Hybrid forms but when these hybrids mate their offspring are weak and sterile
60
hybrid infertility
Hybrid infertility cannot have babies /infertile

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