Biology Grade 10 Cells! Flashcards by Dyllan berman

Cell Theory

-All living things are composed of cells
-Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living thing
-New cells are produced from existing cells

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What are prokaryotes cells

-Single cells
-Smaller
-No nucleus
-Lack of organelles
-Oldest type of cell

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What are eukaryotes cells

-Evolved from prokaryotes
-Large and complex
-has nucleus
-has organelles
-multi cell and single cell

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what do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common

-Have DNA
-Have ribosomes
-have cytoplasm
-Have plasma membrane

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what is the nucleus
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-Found in both
-control center for all activity
-surrounded by a nuclear membrane
-holds DNA
-provides structural support

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what is the Nucleolus
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-Found in both
-double membrane
-surrounds the nucleus
-where ribosomes are formed

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what is centrioles
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-found in Animal Cells
-Surface protection
-cylinder shaped cell structure
-support, movement, communication between cells

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what is cytoplasm
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-found in both
-A clear, thick jelly-like substance
-found in cells
-holds organelles in place

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what is a cell membrane
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-found in both
-thin flexible layer around the cell
-controls what enters and leaves
(semi-permiable)

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what is a cell wall
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-found in Plant cells
-Rigid outer layer surrounding the cell membrane
-Made mostly of cellulose
-Provides support and protection outside the cell membrane
-prevents cell from collapsing

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what is vacuoles
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-Found in both
-A clear, fluid-filled sac
-storage area for food, minerals and waste
-helps with digestion
-helps balance water levels

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what is lysosomes
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-found in animal cells
-contains enzymes that break down materials
-called “suicide sacs” because if one burst their enzymes could destroy the entire cell
-digest nutrients, bacteria and damaged organelles

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what is a mitochondria
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-Found in both
-produces cellular energy for all cell activity
- by breaking down sugar, fats and other fuels
-“power house”

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word equation for cellular respiration

Glucose+ oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)

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word equation for photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight –> Glucose + oxygen

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what is ribosomes
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-Found in both
-tiny dots that float on the rER
-creates protein

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what is endoplasmic reticulum
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-Found in both
-folded tubes next to nucleus
-moves materials around the cell

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Rough ER structure vs. Smooth ER structure

Rough: has ribosomes
Smooth: no ribosomes

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what is golgi apparatus
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-Found in both
-stores and releases chemicals
-tube like structure that have tiny sacs at their ends
-modifies and packages proteins and other large molecules
-transports materials within the cell using vesicles

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what is chloroplast
-is it found in animal cells, plant or both
-what is the structure and function

-Found in plant cells
-Has internal stacks of membranes
-absorbs sunlight to make glucose
-sight of photosynthesis

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cell structure what makes up blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets

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describe a red blood cell

-all red blood cells have the same shape
-does not reproduce
-no nucleus
-biconcave disc
-cares oxygen in body

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how are white blood cells different from red blood cells

-white blood cells are colorless
-have nucleus
-bigger in size

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do platelets contain a nucleus

yes

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for the nervous system what is the function of a neuron and does it have a nucleus

-Neurons have a nucleus -they are nerve cells -sends and receives electrical signals

Parts of the Neuron What is cell body

-Contains nucleus -Center of cell

Parts of the Neuron what are Dendrites

receiving signals from other neurons

Parts of the Neuron what is Axon

passes signals to other neurons

Digestive system/ Secretory cell what are Chief Cells

Chief cells help your stomach digest food by making digestive enzymes of gastric juice

Digestive system/ Secretory cell what are parietal cells

Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid which helps break down food and kill bacteria

what do goblet cells secrete and why?

Goblet cells secrete sticky mucus which trap germs

explain how goblet cells and cilia work together

Goblet cells make mucus to trap dirt, and cilia sweep the mucus (with dirt) out of your airways.

what is the function of muscle cells

Muscle cells will contract and move parts of your body when you wish them to

What are voluntary cells what is the structure and function

-Long -Stripped appearance -helps you move the parts of your body that you want to -controlled by your brain

What are involuntary cells what is the structure and function

-smooth -involuntary cells does movements automatically without you thinking about it

what is the function of bone cells

Bone cells help build, maintain, and repair bones keeping them strong and healthy

What two elements are essential for the formation of strong bones

Calcium and phosphorus

in a sperm what is the minimal cytoplasm

Minimal cytoplasm reduces the cell's size/ weight allowing it to swim faster towards the egg

in a sperm what is the flagellum

the flagellum is the tail which helps the sperm swim

in a sperm what is the mitochondria

the many mitochondria produce energy needed for the tail to move giving the sperm power to move

in a sperm what is the acrosome

the acrosome contains enzymes that help the sperm break through the outer layer of the egg

which is blood clotting cells

platelets

what is a haploid

n which is the number of chromosomes

what is a diploid

2n 2 times the number of chromosomes

what is the structure of DNA called

double helix

what is DNA

-makes up exactly who we are -a genetic code and everything in your body carries this code

what is a gene

-determines physical properties -section of DNA -provides instruction for making proteins

where are chromosomes found

in the nucleus

how many chromosomes are in the human body

46 organized into 23 pairs

what are the four chemicals that make up DNA and how are they paired

-Adenine -Thymine -Cytosine -Guanine A-T C-G

what is the relationship among DNA, gene, protein

DNA contains gene's and gene's help build protein

What is the order of steps from the DNA code to the formation of all 46 human chromosomes?

-The DNA code -one gene -one protein -one chromosome -all 46 chromosomes

why do cells divide

1. Growth: to increase amount of cells in the body 2. Repair: to replace dead, old or damaged cells 3. Reproduction: can make exact clones (copy)

Three Main Phases

1. Interphase-cell repairs any damages and grows and prepares for division 2. Mitosis- division of the cell DNA 3. Cytokinesis- Splitting of the cell into 2 identical cells

what is the part in the middle of a chromosome called

centromere

3 steps in interphase

1. G1- growth 2. Synthesis- DNA replication 3. G2- prep for mitosis

what happens in the G1 phase

-cell is growing -getting larger

what happens in the Synthesis phase

-DNA is duplicated meaning it makes an exact copy of all its chromosomes.

what happens in the G2 phase

-growth -checking to make sure cell is ready to divide

what is half a chromosome called

chromatid

what is the purpose of interphase

to double the amount of DNA in a cell

what are the 4 phases of Mitosis

1.Prophase 2.Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4.Telophase

what happens in prophase

-The nuclear membrane breaks down -the chromatin turns into chromosomes -The centrioles move to opposite side

what happens in metaphase

- Spindle fibers extend and connect to the chromosomes at the centromere -chromosomes are lined on the equator -Longest phase

what happens in anaphase

-Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell -shortest phase

what happens in telophase

-Two nuclear membranes reforms -Cell starts to divide at cleavage furrow

what happens in Cytokinesis

-Chromosomes go back to chromatain -the rest of the cell splits into two identical daughter cells.

"contains the ocular lens and supports the objective lenses" is an example of what part of the microscope

body tube

"supports the slide and allows light to pass through central opening" is an example of what part of the microscope

stage

"provides light, which is directed through the specimen" is an example of what part of the microscope

light source

"move the body tube up or down to get the object into focus. is only used with the low power objective lens" is an example of what part of the microscope

Coarse adjustment knob

"Controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen" is an example of what part of the microscope

Diaphragm

"magnifies the specimen" is an example of what part of the microscope

objective lenses

"holds slide in position on the stage" is an example of what part of the microscope

stage clips

"the part you look through: also magnifies" is an example of what part of the microscope

ocular lens

"supports the objective lenses and rotates to change the magnification" is an example of what part of the microscope

revolving nosepiece

"move the body tube to achieve a sharp focus and resolution" is an example of what part of the microscope

Fine adjustment knob

what is "cleavage furrow"

Contracting of small proteins to separate 2 cells

what happens in cytokinesis for animals

-cell membrane pinches inwards which is called cleavage furrow to form 2 cells

what happens in cytokinesis for plants

-The cell plate divides the cell into 2 cells.

what are osteoblasts

-bone cells -builds new bone

what are osteocytes

-bone cells -maintain bone structure

what are osteoclasts

-bone cells -break down old bones

what is the longest phase in the cell cycle

interphase

Explain the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid.

Chromosome – duplicated DNA held together by a centromere Chromatid – single copy of DNA

Biology Grade 10 Cells! Flashcards

(85 cards)