Biology Grade 10 Test #2 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
what does looking at tissue tell someone
A
if they have cancer or not
2
Q
what is cancer
A
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the human body
3
Q
what is the normal function of DNA repair Genes
A
-helps fix damaged DNA
4
Q
What Happens if DNA Repair Genes are Mutated?
A
-A mutated DNA repair gene means your cells can’t fix DNA damage properly.
-that can lead to more mutations, which can cause diseases like cancer.
5
Q
what is the normal function of proto-oncogenes
A
Helps cells grow and divide
6
Q
what happens if proto-oncogenes are mutated?
A
-grow to much
-cells will divide uncontrollably
7
Q
what is the normal function of tumour suppressor gene
A
-Slow down cell division and kill the cells if they become dangerous
8
Q
What happens if Tumour suppressor Genes are mutated?
A
cells can’t stop themselves from dividing
9
Q
what does further mutations lead to
A
Higher risk in cancer
10
Q
what is a biopsy
A
sample of tissue being sent to a lab
11
Q
what is apoptosis
A
how cells destroy them selfs when damaged or unneeded
12
Q
what is a benign tumour
A
-Cells are contained
-not cancerous
13
Q
what is a malignant tumour
A
-cells are spread out
-cancerous
14
Q
what are the 6 steps of how cancer grows
A
- cell has mutation that make it divide rapidly
- Tumour starts on the surface of the organ
3.The tumour steals nutrients in the blood from healthy cells
4.the cancer cells go deeper
5.cancer cells are carried by the blood to other parts of your body - cancer cells start to invade other areas
15
Q
what is angiogenesis
A
Angiogenesis is the process of making new blood vessels.
Tumors use angiogenesis to grow blood vessels toward themselves so they can steal oxygen and nutrients from the body. This helps the tumor grow and get bigger.
16
Q
what is metastasis
A
where cancer cells spread to other parts of body
17
Q
what are the 3 ways cancer can spread and explain each point
A
- Metastasis- cancer cells are spreading to other parts of your body
- Through the bloodstream- cancer cells enter your blood vessels and travel to other organs
- Lymphatic system- Cancer can spread through it by traveling in lymph fluid to other parts of the body.
18
Q
why is screening for melanoma important?
A
It is the most dangerous skin cancer and if found early, can be usually cured
19
Q
what is an endoscopy
A
- a way to diagnose cancer
-Using a flexible camera that goes in through the inside of your mouth with built in tissue extractor
-seeing inside of esophagus
20
Q
what is an X-Ray
A
-a way to diagnose cancer
-Using radiation/energy to produce images of your tissue
-Negative: Radiation
21
Q
what is an ultrasound
A
-a way to diagnose cancer
-using sound waves to produce an images of tissue
-Negatives: Limited details (may miss something small)
22
Q
what is an CT scan
A
-a way to diagnose cancer
-scan of your full body
-Negatives: LOTS of radiation
23
Q
What is an MRI scan
A
-a way to diagnose cancer
- uses strong magnets and radio waves to take detailed pictures of the inside of your body
-Negatives: Takes a long time
24
Q
what is the hierarchy for Tissues, Organs, and organ systems
A
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.
25
what are the 4 main types of tissue
- epithelial tissue
-Connective tissue
-Muscle tissue
-Nervous Tissue
26
what is the structure of epithelial tissue
-made up of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces
-single or many layers
27
what is the major functions of epithelial tissue and list some examples
-Epithelial tissue allows materials to pass through the layers
-Protection
-Absorption
-Filtration
-Found a-lot in the kidney and glands
-Example: where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide
28
what is the structure of connective tissue
-Made up of both specialized cells and non-living substances
29
what is the major functions of connective tissue and list some examples
-supports, protects and connects all the body's organs
-Example: Blood is a type of connective tissue
30
what is the structure of muscle tissue
-Muscle tissue is made up of cells that contract for movement
-elongated cells
31
what is the major functions of muscle tissue and list some examples
muscle tissue allows us to move
-process of digestion (all muscles contracting to get food through the digestive system)
-breathing
-Example heart muscle allows the heart to pump blood
32
what is the structure of Nervous tissue
-Millions of nerve cells make up nervous tissue
-most complex
33
what is the major functions of Nervous tissue and list some examples
-Nerve tissue transmits signals throughout your body
Example: makes up the brain and our nerves
34
What are the 3 components that make up the human circulatory system
-Blood
-Heart
-Blood vessels
35
what are the 3 main functions of the circulatory system
1. Transports
2. Regulation (body temperature)
3. protection (Fight infections)
36
The components of blood
Distinguish between plasma and formed elements what percent of each are found in blood
-plasma is made up of water and proteins
-Formed elements can be blood cells and platelets
Plasma= 55%
Formed elements 45%
37
where are blood cells and platelets created?
In the bone marrow
38
what is the function of plasma and what is the % composition of blood
-Plasma makes up 55% of our blood
-Plasma is the substance that everything floats in
39
what is the function of platelets and what is the % composition of blood
-Platelets make up less than 1% of our blood
-Platelets help with blood clotting
40
what is the function of red blood cells and what is the % composition of blood
-Red blood cells make up 44% of our blood
-Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout our body.
41
what is the function of white blood cells and what is the % composition of blood
-White blood cells make up less than 1% of our blood
-white blood cells help fight off infections
42
what are the three different blood vessels in our bodys
-Artery
-Vein
-Capillary
43
what is the structure of arteries
-Thick elastic like walls that are extremely strong
44
what is the function of arteries
the function of arteries is to carry blood (often oxygenated) away from the heart to the rest of the body.
45
what is the structure of veins
-Thinner walls, not as strong as arteries
-inner opening
-have valves that prevent blood from flowing back
46
what is the function of veins
veins carry blood (often deoxygenated) from the body back to the heart
47
what is the structure of capillaries
-Tiny microscopic vessels
48
what is the function of capillaries
Capillaries distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells. After that, blood becomes deoxygenated
49
what are the four key steps of the digestion system
1. ingestion
2. digestion
3.Absorption
4. elimination
50
what is ingestion
food is taken into the body through your mouth
51
what is digestion
food in broken down (physically and chemically)
52
what is absorption
nutrients are transferred into the blood
53
what is elimination
Solid wastes is removed from the body
54
where does digestion begin
in the mouth
55
what does salivary glands produce and what 2 purposes do they serve
-Produce saliva
-helps moisten food
-contains amylase
56
what is amylase
an enzyme which speeds up the process of breaking down food
57
What is produced after food is chewed and mixed with saliva?
A bolus is created
58
what does the bolus pass through to get to the esophagus
pharynx
59
what is the esophagus
muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
60
walls of esophagus contract and relax helping to move bolus into the stomach is called what
peristalsis
61
is peristalsis voluntary or an involuntary muscle
involuntary (smooth)
62
to prevent food from going down the trachea, it is closed by the ______ when swallowing
epiglottis
63
what are the two things that happen in the stomach
-Muscles churn the bolus into chyme
-hydrochloric acid is produced which activates pepsin (to break down proteins)
64
what is pepsin
breaks down proteins
65
what's physical digestion
-Grinds food with teeth
-tongue pushes food to roof of mouth
66
why is the small intestine knows as "small"
small diameter
67
what are the three sections of the small intestine in order
1. duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
68
what is the function of the duodenum
-Most of digestion of food happens here
-fat's are broken down
69
what is the function of the jejunum and Ileum
-absorption of nutrients through villi and microvilli
70
what is villi and microvilli
-villi lines the small intestine increasing it's surface area for nutrient absorption
-microvilli are tiny hairlike extensions that cover the villi's surface they further increase surface area for maximum absorption
71
name the accessory organs in the digestive system
-Pancreas
-Liver
-Gall bladder
72
what is the function of the pancreas
-produces enzymes that help break down foods
73
what is the function of the liver
-produces bille
-storage of nutrients
74
what is the function of the gall bladder
-where bile is stored
75
what is the function of the large intestine and what does it include
-includes colon, rectum, and anus
-water absorption
-food/water not absorbed into the bloodstream exits the body as feces through the anus
76
what is the difference between an arteriole and a venule
arterioles are smaller arteries that branch off the main arteries and venule is smaller veins that also branch off from main veins
77
Which blood vessels would have blood traveling at high pressure and at very low pressure?
Arteries at high pressure because blood is coming directly from the heart and veins at low pressure because blood has already traveled through the body
78
what is the function of the capillaries in lung tissue
Capillaries in the lungs pass oxygen to the pulmonary vein, which takes it to the heart.
79
why do veins contain valves
Veins have valves to stop blood from flowing backward.
80
what produces the characteristic "lub-dup" heart sounds?
The "lub-dup" sound is caused by the closing of the heart valves
81
why is the heart called a double pump
The heart is called a double pump because it pumps blood through two circuits: one to the lungs and one to the rest of the body.
82
what is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
Pulmonary circulation moves blood to the lungs to get oxygen which happens on the right side
Systemic circulation moves oxygen-rich blood to the body from the left side and delivers oxygen and nutrients to your body
83
oxygenated blood travels from the heart to the _______
body
84
Deoxygenated blood travels from the heart to the ____
lungs
85
what is unusual about the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins compared to other arteries and veins in the body
Pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood, pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood
86
what is the simplified path of oxygenated blood?
lungs --> left atrium --> left ventricle
--> out through aorta
87
what is the simplified path of deoxygenated blood
Body → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Lungs
88
what is the septum
wall that divides the heart
89
what is the largest artery
aorta
90
what is blood pressure? provide three examples of factors that may affect blood pressure
blood pressure is when blood is pumped out of the heart and through blood vessels which create force against the vessel walls.
Examples: stress or illness
91
what is systolic blood pressure
systolic blood pressure is the top number.
-a higher blood pressure is created as the hearts beats
92
what is diastolic blood pressure
Diastolic is the bottom number
-As the heart rests there is less pressure on the arteries which is known as diastolic blood pressure
93
what is hypertension? why should people be concerned about hypertension
Hypertension is another word for "high blood pressure" which is indicating that the heart is overworking. can lead to heart attacks, or heart failure
94
what are the two key functions of the respiratory system
-Breathing (moving air in and out of lungs)
-Gas exchange (the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide)
95
what is the chemical formula that represents the process of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
96
what is the name of the energy molecule used on our bodies
ATP
97
Through the respiratory system, what compound is entering the body and what compound is exiting? Why?
Our body intakes oxygen and get's rid of carbon dioxide
-This happens because your body needs oxygen for energy and needs to get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product.
98
what are the parts that make up the upper respiratory tract?
nasal cavity, Pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis
99
Primary entrance for air to enter the respiratory system. The air is filtered and warmed in this region. What am I?
nasal cavity
100
I am that little flap found at the back of your throat. I'm usually upright to ensure air gets to your trachea. I close to make sure food and liquid don't enter. what am I?
epiglottis
101
Located just below the epiglottis, I contain two vocal cords that allow you to speak. What am I?
larynx
102
This is a region where the nasal and oral cavities meet at the back of the mouth. What am I?
pharynx
103
what are the parts that make up the lower respiratory system
lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
104
The major organ of the respiratory system. What am I?
lungs
105
You've got two of these that branch off into each lung. We help to conduct the air into the lungs. What am I?
bronchi
106
I am connected to the larynx also known as the windpipe. What am I?
Trachea
107
We are the smaller passageways that form when the bronchi further divide
bronchioles
108
I am a grape like cluster where gas transfer occurs. The oxygen that your breathing goes into your blood, I pick up the carbon dioxide that you breathe out. What am I?
alveoli
109
im the membrane that surrounds the lungs. what am i?
pleura
110
why is measuring your pulse rate an indication of your heart rate
because when blood leaves your heart it goes through your arteries which you can feel in certin stops known as your pulse
111
what is the normal range for you heart rate (how many beats per minute)
60-100
112
what is atherosclerosis? What are some factors that increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis
atherosclerosis is the build up of plaque around your arteries. Foods high in saturated fats can cause this
113
List 3 ways we can reduce our risk of developing coronary disease
-Eat healthy
-Don't smoke
-See doctor for check ups
114
what is an arrhythmia? Explain the difference between tachycardia, bradycardia and fibrillation
arrhythmia is irregular heart beats per minute. Tachycardia is when your heart beats over 100 times per minute, bradycardia is when your hearts beats under 60 times per minute and fibrillation is irregular rapid contractions of the hearts muscles
115
A heart attack and stroke both involve plaque buildup in arteries. What is the difference between a heart attack and stroke
A heart attack happens when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, while a stroke happens when blood flow to the brain is blocked
116
what are the warning signs of a heart attack
chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea
