Biology & Its Themes

Question 1

the study of life and what living things do

Answer 1

biology

Question 2

what are the properties of life?

Answer 2

adaptation, response to environment, reproduction, growth & development

Question 3

what are the unifying themes of biology?

Answer 3

organization
(genetic) information
energy and matter
interactions
evolution

Question 4

lowest level of organization

Answer 4

cell

Question 5

levels of organization

Answer 5

biosphere
ecosystems
communities
populations
organisms
organs/organ systems
tissues
cells
organelles
molecules

Question 6

what are the three domains of life?

Answer 6

bacteria
archaea
eukarya (multicellular)

Question 7

what is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic?

Answer 7

eukaryotes: membrane bound, true nucleus
prokaryotes: nucleoid region, primitive

Question 8

what are the four eukarya kingdoms?

Answer 8

plantae: produce food via photosynthesis
fungi: absorb nutrients
animalia: ingest food
protists: none of the above, split into multiple kingdoms

Question 9

composed of a condensed DNA molecule with multiple genes

Answer 9

chromosome

Question 10

encode info for building molecules within cells, units of inheritance

Answer 10

genes

Question 11

two long chains of nucleotides arranged in a double helix

Answer 11

DNA

Question 12

types of nucleotides

Answer 12

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine

Question 13

how does dna create protein?

Answer 13

DNA -> mRNA -> protein

Question 14

process that converts genetic info -> cellular product

Answer 14

gene expression

Question 15

produces multiple copies of a DNA region, used for further analysis like COVID tests

Answer 15

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 16

what materials are needed for PCR?

Answer 16

DNA polymerase (replicating enzyme)
primers (nucleotide sequence that pairs to desired region)

Question 17

what are the PCR cycles?

Answer 17

denaturation: DNA becomes single stranded
annealing: primer sticks to strands
elongation: nucleotides stick to strands

Question 18

what are the desired temperatures for every PCR cycle?

Answer 18

denaturation: 94-98°C
annealing: 50-68°C
elongation: 72°C

Question 19

an entire set of genetic info

Answer 19

genome

Question 20

the study of genomes within and between species

Answer 20

genomics

Question 21

study of proteomes (set of proteins)

Answer 21

proteomics

Question 22

how does energy generally flow in the environment?

Answer 22

light > chemical > heat

Question 23

how energy is transformed

Answer 23

chemical cycling

Question 24

how much energy is lost and becomes heat at every level of the food pyramid?

Answer 24

10%

Question 25

an example of a chemical that passes onto plant-eating organisms

Answer 25

glucose

Question 26

TRUE or FALSE: interactions, from ecosystems to cell molecules, are detrimental to the system

Answer 26

FALSE

Question 27

where organisms interact with others AND the environment

Answer 27

ecosystem

Question 28

modifications of an organisms based on the environment over time, makes logical sense

Answer 28

evolution

Question 29

proponent of the theory of natural selection

Answer 29

charles darwin

Question 30

mechanism behind descent with modification, results in adaptation to environment, "survival of the fittest"

Answer 30

natural selection

Question 31

describes unity in diversity (common ancestor w/ modification), proven with fossils

Answer 31

tree of life

Question 32

branch of study that names/classifies species into groups

Answer 32

taxonomy

Question 33

broadest units of taxonomic classification

Answer 33

domain and kingdom

Question 34

mnemonic for taxonomic levels

Answer 34

``` "did king phil come over for good soup?" domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species ```

Question 35

"to know" in latin

Answer 35

science

Question 36

search of information & explain natural phenomena

Answer 36

inquiry

Question 37

steps that involve observation > hypothesis > test

Answer 37

scientific process

Question 38

recorded observations, divided into quality and quantity

Answer 38

data

Question 39

a tentative answer to a scientific question, leads to testable predictions

Answer 39

hypothesis

Question 40

TRUE or FALSE: scientists tend to work by themselves and always work on different experiments/research questions

Answer 40

FALSE: scientists work in teams, communicate, and perform similar experiments (cooperation)