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A Level Biology > Biology Olympiad > Flashcards

Biology Olympiad Flashcards

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1
Q

actin meaning

A

a protein that forms the thin filaments in skeletal muscle fibres

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2
Q

myosin meaning

A

a protein forming the thick filaments in myofibrils in skeletal muscle fibres

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3
Q

myoribrils meaning

A

fibres that make up larger fibres of skeletal muscle; made up of thin actin protein & thick myosin protein

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4
Q

adaptation defnition

A

an organism structural orphysiological features that makes it well adapted to its envionment

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5
Q

what is another word for divergent evolution

A

adaptive radiation

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6
Q

agonist chemicals

A

bind to cell receptiprs triggering a physciological response, mimicking effects of a hormone

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7
Q

antagonistic chemicals

A
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8
Q

allopatric speciation

A

wehn populatins of parent species become geographicasllu isolated, leading to each group developing into 2 separate species

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9
Q

word for: wehn populatins of parent species become geographicasllu isolated, leading to each group developing into 2 separate species

A

allopatric speciation

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10
Q

sympatric speciation

A

when populations of parent species are living in same geographical area, have developed into different species preventing interbreeding.

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11
Q

antiseptic vs antibiotics

A

antiibiotics tken after infection, antispectics applied to skin to prevent infection

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12
Q

antiseptic defintion

A

a substance that kills or inhibits growth If microorganisms and can be safely used on skin

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13
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

monitor blood pressure

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14
Q

where are baroreceptors found

A

wall of aorta

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15
Q

what are chemoreceptots

A

monitor changes of ocygen and co2 in the blood

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16
Q

where are chemoreceptors found

A

walls of aorta

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17
Q

what does auricle mean

A

atrium

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18
Q

what is another word for atrium

A

auricle

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19
Q

autosome defnition

A

chromosmes which don’t define organisms gender, there are 22 pairs of autosome chromosomes a and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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20
Q

bicuspid valve

A

valve between left atrium and left ventricle (type of AV valve)

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21
Q

true or false there are digestive enzymes in bile used to emulsify fats

A

false, no enzymes

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22
Q

bioaccumulation

A

teh process by which certain chemicals become concentrates in the bodies of animals found at the top of food chains

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23
Q

give an example of a chemical that was bioaccumlated in the food chain

A

DDT, used to control insect pests didn’t break down when up in the food chain

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24
Q

what percentage of blood is plasma

A

55%

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25
what is another word fro White blood cells
leucocytes
26
true or false bones is a tissue
true
27
bundle of His
cardiac muscle fibres that conduct electrical activity from AVN present in Purkeyne tissue in ventricle walls
28
capsid
outer protein coat of a virus
29
what is the point of bacteria's slime capsule
help bacteria resist phagocytosis & preventing desicattion
30
myogenic meaning
a muscle is able to contract without external stimulus e.g the cardiac muscle
31
differences between cartilage and bone (3)
cartridge doesn't contain salts or blood vessels like bones; more compressible
32
similarities between cartilage and bone
consists of cells embedded in a matrix of collagen fibres
33
chiasmata
the point at which chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over each other during meiosis
34
where can chitin be found
in exoskeelton of most insects & fungal cell walls
35
cholesterol 3 functions
part of cell membrane, manufacture bile & sterooid hormones
36
what are cilia made out of
microtubles
37
what does cilia do (2)
used for cell movement in locomotion | transport substances
38
codon vs anticodon
codon - in mRNA | anticodon - in tRNA
39
commensalism
relationship between 2 different species which results in a benefit to one (the commensal) without affecting the other (the host) e.g fish attach themselves to shark to pick scaps of food when sharks feed. Fish gain food, sharks are unaffected
40
succession (in biology) meaning
the progressive change which occurs in a community of organisms over a period of time
41
climax community
aka a stable-population community present at the end of a sucession
42
name 3 roles of connective tissue
support, insulation, protection against bacteria infection
43
polygenic trait/characteristic
polygenic trait is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene
44
polygenic inheritance
inheritance of a character controlled by a number of genes
45
what factors affect continuous variation
many different genes (polygenes) and where the environment plays a significant role
46
contactile vacuole & give exampel of which organism has it
an organelles found in some single-celled organisms which removes excess water from the cell e.g amoeba
47
cytochrome defnition
enzymes on the inside of mitochondria and chloroplast used in election transport chains involves in respiration & photosynthesis
48
where does deamination occur
liver
49
what is deamination
removal of amino group from amino acid, forming carbohydrates and ammonia. Carbs are respired & ammonia is converted to urea
50
deflected succession
a type of sucession in which a climax community fails to become established due to human influences
51
what are dicotyledon plants
a flowering plant that produces seeds with 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
52
features of dicotyledon plants (2)
- a net-like pattern of veins in leaves | - vascular bundles arranged in a ring in the stem
53
give examples of dicotyledon plants (2)
butter cups & oak trees
54
DNA probe
a single strand of DNA that is used to identify a gene. It's radioactivly labelled and is complementary to the gene to be identified. DNA from the organism is separated into a single strand and and incubated with the probe. If the gene is present, the probe will bind to it and the gene can be identified by its radioactivity. Used to check diagnosis of genetic disorders
55
ectotherm
an animal that uses its environment to regulate its body temperature (all animals except birds & mammals)
56
endotherm
an animals that can regulate its body temperature using physiological mechanisms
57
electron transport chain
a system of carrier molecules which transfer elections from one to the other, releasing energy for the production of ATP, found on mitochondria cristae, chloroplasts thylakoids membranes9o
58
epistasis
a type of gene interaction in which one gene controls the expression of another gene.
59
eutrophication
a decrease in biodiversity resulting from the pollution of a river/lake by sewage or fertilsers
60
fermentation
the breakdown of organic molecules in the absense of oxygen, form of anaerobic respiration
61
what are the four ways that a gene can become mutated
insertion (bases are added) deletion (bases are lost), substitution (bases are changed), inversion (bases are rearranged)
62
what is sickle cell anaemia caused by
a subsititution mutation that changes a single amino acid in heamoglobin= distortion of red blood cells = reduces amount of O2 carried
63
gene pool
all the genes and their differeny alleles that are present in a particular population
64
genetic code
the method by which the genetic information in DNA controls the synthesis of specific proteins by the cell
65
gluconeogenesis
teh syntheis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as lipid & proteins when blood glucose levels & glycogen stores in liver are low
66
glycogenesis
the conversion of glucose to glycogen, stimulated by insulin in liver and muscle cells
67
glycogenolysis
the conversion of glycogen to glucose, stimulated by glucagon in liver and muscle cells
68
gram staining
a staining method used to classify bacteria
69
habitat
a specific envionment in which an organism lives in with biotic & abitoic factors
70
what 3 proteins is haem found in
haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes
71
histocompatability
teh extent to which a tissue from 1 organism will be tolerated by the immune system of another organism
72
hyphae meaning
a mass of thread-like structures that make up a fungi. Mass of hyphae refereed as mycelium
73
True or false immunity to a disease can be inherited
true
74
inorganic compound
any compound that isn't carbon based, except carbon dioxide & carbonate salts
75
Interspecific competition often happens with species in different trophic levels. True or false
False, occurs in same trophic level
76
in vivo meaning
any biological process taht occurs within a living organism
77
in vitro meaning
any biological process that occurs outside the body in an artificial situation
78
lack of iron in diet name
anameia
79
iron uses in animals (2)
- for haem groups in cytochromes &haemoglobin | - activates catalase
80
iron uses in plants
chlorophyll synthesis
81
lenticels
small pores foudn in stems of woody plants for gas exchange
82
lenticels vs stomata
stomata are mainly found on underside of leaves, lenticels are found on woody plant stems
83
what is blackman's law of limiting factors
when a process is controlled by a number of factors, the factor in least supply will limit the rate of the process
84
locus
the position on a chromosome occupied by a particular gene, i.e the 2 allelles of a gene will occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes
85
where is maltose found
germinating seeds
86
where does mass flow occur
in blood system in animals & xylem & phloem in plants
87
micronutrients examples
vitamins and mineral ions
88
mutualism
relationship between 2 different species which result in benefit to both e.g sharks and sailor fish
89
3 causes of point gene mutations
deletion, insertion or substitiution of a base

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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