Communicable Diseases Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
what is a pathogen
A
an organism that causes disease
2
Q
communicable disease defintiion (2)
A
pathogen which can be transmitted (1) disease is caused by effect of pathogen (2)
3
Q
bateria features (2)
A
rapid reproduction (!) toxins & waste products damage cells (2)
4
Q
how can bacteria be killed
A
antibiotics
5
Q
what is the best place for bacteria to be present in a plant(2)
A
vascular tissue to then reach the rest of the plant (1) and nutrients available (2)
6
Q
FIll in the gaps: Fungi forms …, a part of fungus consisting of network of fine white filaments
A
mycelium
7
Q
FIll in the gaps: Fungi forms …, a part of fungus which releases spores for reproduction
A
hyphae
8
Q
what part of fungi spreads disease
A
spores released by hyphae
9
Q
what is the type of fungi that feeds on dead tissue
A
saprophytic fungus
10
Q
what is the type of fungi that feeds on living tissue
A
parasitic fungi
11
Q
where is most advantagous for fungi to develop on a plant
A
leaves = stops them photosynthesising & kills the plant
12
Q
which pathogens are eukaryotes
A
protists, fungi
13
Q
which pathogens are non living
A
virsuses
14
Q
which pathogens are prokaryotes
A
bacteria
15
Q
true or false all virsuses are pathogenic
A
true
16
Q
true or false all fungi are pathogenic
A
false
17
Q
structure of virsus (2)
A
genetic material (!) protein coat(2)
18
Q
what is the purpose of protein coat in viruses (2)
A
shell to protect genome(1)
attaches to receptors on host cells (2)
19
Q
function of virus (3)
A
invade & take over host cells genetic machinery (1)
causes cells to manufacture more copies of the virus (2)
eventually cell bursts, releasing virus to other cells (3)
20
Q
true or false all protists are pathogenic
A
false (very few are pathogenic)
21
Q
how does protists cause harm in cells (2)
A
enters host cells & feeds on its contents as they grow (“)
22
Q
how do protisst reproduce
A
binary fission
23
Q
3 modes of action of a pathogen on the host
A
- direct damage of tissues
production of toxins - digest cells (3)
24
Q
name 3 bacterial diseases
A
tuberculosis, meningitis, ring rot
25
name 3 viral diseases
HIV, influenza, tobacco mosaic virus,
26
name 3 fungus diseases
black sigatoka, ring worm (in cattle), athletes foot
27
name 2 protists diseases
blight (plants), malaria
28
how does TB affect humans
kills cells & tissues, mainly lungs are affected
29
menegntisitis symptomes
membranes around brain and spinal chord become swollen = cause damage to brain and nerves
30
ring rot symptoms
ring of decay in vascular tissue of potato or tomato
31
HIV/ AIDS symptoms
attacks cells in immune system = compromsies immune system
32
influenza symptims
acctacks resporatory system & muscle pains & headaches
33
TMV symptoms
mottling & discoloration of leaves
34
black sigatoka symptoms
leaf spots on banana plants = reduces yield
35
blight symptoms
affects leaves and potato tubers
36
ringworm symptoms
growth of fungus in skin = rash
37
athletes foot
gorwth under feet's skin
38
malaria symptoms
headaches & fever that may progress to coma & death
39
how is TB spread
indirect: droplet infection
40
how is meningitis spread
indirect: droplet infection or touching contaminated surfaces
41
how is HIV spread
sexual transmission/ sharing needle
42
how is influenza spread
indirect: droplet infection
43
how is malaria spread
by vector: female anopheles mosquito
44
transmission defintiion
the way in which a a parasitic microorganism travels from 1 host to another
45
methods of direct trasmisision
touched contaminated surfaces, inoculation, ingestion
46
methods of indirect trasmission
formites, droplet infection, vectors
47
what is inoculation
break in t he skin or puncture wound = pathogen can eneter
48
example of disease by inoculation
rabies
49
ingestion defnieion
eating conatimned foos or faeces on hands
50
formites definition
pathogen travels from 1 infected individual to another through the means of an unaffected object or organism
51
vectors defnition (3)
a living or non-living factor (1)that transmits a pathogen from 1 host to another(2) e.g malaria transmitted by mosquitos(3)
52
factors affecting transmission of pathogens
overcrowding living& working condiitons (1)
compromised immune system (2) - lack of nutrition/ immunosuppressants
socioeconomic e.g lack of trained workforce
53
direct transmission in plants defintiion
direct contact of healthy plant with any part of diseased plan
54
indirect transmission in plants defintiion
passing pathogen from host to new host via a vector e.g an insect attack
55
vectors for plants (4)
wind, water, animals, humans
56
how to prevent spread of communicable diseases in plants (3)
clear fields thoroghly during harvest
wash clothes & equipment
control insect vectors (3)
57
factos increasing trasmisionnsion of pathogens (3)
overcrowding of crops
poor mineral nutrition reduces plants resistance
damp warm conditions
58
passive defense meaning (plants)
A defense mechanism against pathogens(1) present before infection(2) includes physical and chemical barriers (3)
59
name structiral passive defenses
lignin, bark, cellulose cell wall, waxy cuticle, stomatal closure
60
lignin function in passive defense
thickening of cell wall, makes it waterproof & indigestible
61
waxy cuticle function in passive defense
prevents water collecting on cell surfaces so pathogens cant survive
62
stomatal closure function in passive defense
when pathogen dteceted, guard cells close stomata in that area of plant to prevent direct entry
63
what is the active chemical defence where large polysaccharides are deposited in sieve tubes
callose
64
callose function(3)
large polysaccharides are deposited in sieve tubes(1) to plock flow in phloem(2) & prevent pathiegn spread (3)
65
what is the active chemical defense where there's balloon-like swelling blocking xylem
tylose
66
tylose function(4)
balloon-like swelling blocking xylem to prevent spread of pathogen (2)
contains terpenes which are chemical toxins to pathogens (4)
67
which active chemical defnse occurs in xylem
tylose
68
which active chemical defnse occurs in phloem
callose
69
Give 2 ways pathogens are detected by plants
1) pathigen detected by specific pathogens on cell surface
| 2) when cell wall of plant broken down by pathogens, cell wall breakdown products recognised
70
what happens after pathogen is detected by plant
signalling molecules alert nucleas & adjacent cells beofre attack
71
name 3 active responses initiated by plant after pathogen is detected
1) defensive molecules relased directly attack pathogen
2) polysaccharide strengthen cell wall
3) chemicals alarms other cells
72
name3 active defenses in plants
liginin reiforced (1)
callose and tylose fomred(2)
increase in chemicals formed
73
terpenoids functopn
essential oils have antifungal and antibacterial forms
74
necrosis defnition
dlibertate cell suicdee
75
point of necrosis
killing cells surrounding infection to limit pathogens
76
lesion definition
damaged tissue in a plant
77
canker definition
region of necrosin causing death of cambium tissue in bark preventing spread of pathogens
78
how does canker prevent spread of disease
limites pathogens access to water & nutriwns by surrounding infecion & stops its spread
79
why are most protectcive chemicals in plants manufactures when infection is detected
making defensive chemicals takes energy; plants saves energy by not making these until needed (2)
80
primary defnses definition
barriers which prevemts entry of pathogens
81
secondary defenses definition
combat pathogens that have entered the body
82
how is skin a primary defense mechanism (3)
- physical barrier
- frequently sloughs off to reduce chance of growth on surface
- produces sebum, antibiotic which inhibits growth of pathogens
83
mucous membrane definiton (2)
contaisn lysozymes to destroy bacterial and fungal cell wall
| produced by goblet cells and wafted out by ciliated epithelium cells to enter oesophagus and digestive system
84
how is ear wax a primary defense mechanism (3)
lined by wax to trap pathogens
85
how is female reporductive system a primary defense mechanism (1)
mucus plug in cervix maintaisn acidic conditions of vagina
86
how are expulsive a primary defense mechanism (3)
- responds to irritation from toxins or microorganisms (1)
- in gas exchange system coughs and sneezes eject microorganism
- vomiting and diahorea expel contents of the gut along with infected pathogens
87
what are the 5 types of primary defenses in humans
skin, mucous membranes, ear wax, expulsive reflexes, lysosymes
88
inflammation definition
localised response to pathogens/damage resulting in swelling and redness at site of wound
89
how is inflammation response initiaed
damaged mast cells relase histamins an cytokines
90
histamines definition
enzyme that causes vasodilation (1), causing localised heat and rednesses to infection site for WBC's to leave blood and enter tissue fluid = causes swellingand pain. Pathogens are drained into lymoh system to contact lymphocytes and initiate specficifc immune response
