✅Biology PAPER1 cell biology

Question 1

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

Cells with a nucleus example e.g plant and animal cells

Question 2

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Cells without a nucleus e.g bacteria

Question 3

What is the function of cytoplasm

Answer 3

Chemical reactions take place

Question 4

What does the cell membrane do

Answer 4

It controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 5

What happens in the chloroplasts

Answer 5

Photosynthesis happens and this makes glucose and oxygen for the plant

Question 6

What happens in mitochondria

Answer 6

Aerobic respiration happens and it transfers energy to cells in order to work

Question 7

What is the function of the nucleus

Answer 7

contains genetic material which controls what the cell does

Question 8

What happens in ribosomes

Answer 8

Proteins are made

Question 9

What three things are not found in animal cells that are in plant cells

Answer 9

A cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

Question 10

What are light microscopes used for?

Answer 10

To look at large subcellular structures

Question 11

How do you electron microscopes helped our understanding of subcellular structures

Answer 11

They allow us to see smaller things e.g mitochondria

Question 12

What is a specialised cell

Answer 12

Cells that carry out a specific function E.G sperm

Question 13

Name three specialised cells

Answer 13

Sperm cells, nerve cells, muscle cells

Question 14

How was the sperm cell adapted for its function

Answer 14

It has a tail to swim to the egg, it has mitochondria to provide energy to swim, it has a flat head for efficient movement through the female reproductive tract

Question 15

What is a Chromosome

Answer 15

Coiled up length of DNA molecules and each of them carry genes

Question 16

What is the cell cycle

Answer 16

When a cell divides

Question 17

What are the stages of the cell cycle

Answer 17

Growth, DNA replication, mitosis, cell division

Question 18

What happens at the growth stage of the cell cycle

Answer 18

The cell grows and increases the amount of subcellular structures

Question 19

What happened in the DNA replication stage of the cell cycle

Answer 19

The DNA replicates and forms chromosomes that are an exact copy of each other

Question 20

What happens at the mitosis stage of the cell cycle

Answer 20

Chromosome arms are pulled apart and the nucleus then divides

Question 21

What happens at the cell division stage of the cell cycle

Answer 21

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide it then produces two new identical cells

Question 22

What are stem cells

Answer 22

The cells that are in differentiated but can turn into any type of cell and become specialised

Question 23

Define diffusion

Answer 23

Diffusion is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration, down the concentration gradient

Question 24

Define active transport

Answer 24

Active transport is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration, against the concentration gradient

Question 25

Define osmosis

Answer 25

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a high concentrated solution

Question 26

What is the practical for microscopes

Answer 26

One, had a drop of water into the middle of a clean slide. Two, cut up an onion and take off one Lauer. Three, use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from the bottom layer. Four, using the tweezers placee the skin into the water on the slide. Five, at the drop of iodine solution, idodine solution is a stain and stain can make different parts of cells easier to see. Six place the coverslip on top and try not to get any air bubbles underneath. Seven record what you see

Question 27

How is a nerve cell adapted to the function

Answer 27

They are long to cover more distance in the body, they have branches at the end to connect to other nerve cells

Question 28

How does a muscle cell adapt to its function

Answer 28

They are long so they have space to contract, they have mitochondria which provide energy for them to contract

Question 29

How is a root hair cell adapted to its function

Answer 29

They grow into long hair is that stick out into the soil, this gives the plant a big surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil

Question 30

How many copies of chromosomes are there in a human cell

Answer 30

23 pairs

Question 31

What are the risks involved with therapeutic cloning

Answer 31

You could be infected with a virus and the virus could be passed on to a patient and make them sicker

Question 32

What are some reasons why people would be against stem cell research

Answer 32

embryos shouldn’t be used for research because each one can be human life, people think patients who are suffering on more important than the rights of embryos

Question 33

How can cells be used to preserve rare plant species

Answer 33

taking stem cells from the meristem of a plant and growing them into new genetically identical plants

Question 34

Where does diffusion happen

Answer 34

In solutions and gases

Question 35

What will make the diffusion rate faster

Answer 35

When there is a big difference in concentration, when there is high temperature

Question 36

What small molecules can fit through cell membranes

Answer 36

Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and water

Question 37

What is the practical to observe the effect of sugar solutions

Answer 37

First cut of a potat into cylinders with the same length and width, get two beakers one with pure water and one with A very concentrated sugar solution, measure the mass of each potato cylinder and then put one in each beaker, leave the potatoes cylinders for 24 hours , Then take them out and dry them with a paper towel, measure that matters again, if the mass is increased water has moved into the potato cells, if the mass has decreased water has moved out the potato all cells

Question 38

How do you hair cells take in minerals using active transport

Answer 38

The concentration of minerals is higher in root cells so the root cells can’t fuse to take minerals they use active transport instead it allows the plant to absorb minerals from a very dilute solution in the soil it moves minerals against the concentration gradient

Question 39

What is the purpose of active transport in the gut

Answer 39

To allow nutrients such as glucose to move from a lower concentration in the gut to a higher concentration in the blood

Question 40

give one way in which alveoli are adapted for gas exchange

Answer 40

They have a large surface area, thin walls, good blood supply