Geography PAPER1 rivers

Question 1

define hydraulic action

Answer 1

water smashing against river banks, air becomes trapped in the cracks this causes rocks to break apart

Question 2

define abrasion

Answer 2

pebbles that grind along the river bed

Question 3

define attrition

Answer 3

when rocks know against eachother becoming smaller

Question 4

define
solution

Answer 4

when water dissolves certain types of rocks

Question 5

what is erosion?

Answer 5

erosion is the process that wears away the river bed and banks

Question 6

What is upland

Answer 6

Land high above sea level

Question 7

What is a lowland

Answer 7

Land close to sea levels

Question 8

What is the gradient of a land

Answer 8

The steepness

Question 9

What is the relief of the land

Answer 9

The shape of the land

Question 10

What is a drainage basin

Answer 10

An area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries

Question 11

What is the source of a river

Answer 11

The start of a river usually in a plant areas

Question 12

What is the mouth of a river

Answer 12

The end of the river with it meets the sea

Question 13

What is a tributary

Answer 13

A small stream or river which joins the main river

Question 14

What is a confluence

Answer 14

The point where tributary meets the main river

Question 15

What is a watershed

Answer 15

An imaginary line showing the boundary of the drainage basin

Question 16

What is long profile

Answer 16

Shows how the river gradient changes as the river moves from upper to lower course

Question 17

What are the gradients like in the upper middle and lower course

Answer 17

Upper – steep gradient
middle – gentle gradient so less deep lower – very gentle gradient

Question 18

What is the cross-section like in an upper middle and lower course river

Answer 18

Upper course – V shaped valleys
middle course – wider valley floor
lower- very wide valley floors so basically flat land

Question 19

What is the river like in upper middle and lower course

Answer 19

Upper – shallow, narrow and turbulent middle – wider and deeper river
lower – wide and deep

Question 20

What is the size of load like in upper middle and lower course

Answer 20

Upper – large bedload so rocks and boulders
middle – smaller and smoother material lower – very fine sediment

Question 21

What is the process like in upper middle and lower course

Answer 21

Upper – mostly erosion
middle – erosion and deposition
lower- deposition

Question 22

What is solution

Answer 22

When soluble particles are dissolved into the River

Question 23

What is suspension

Answer 23

When material is carried along by the river

Question 24

What is saltation

Answer 24

When small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

Question 25

What is traction

Answer 25

When large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed

Question 26

What is vertical erosion

Answer 26

Intense downwards erosion that deepens a river valley and channel making it the shape shed

Question 27

What is lateral erosion

Answer 27

Erosion which widens the River Valley and channel

Question 28

What is deposition

Answer 28

When river drops the material is transporting

Question 29

What are reasons for why with a slowdown and deposit material

Answer 29

Material increases, the water shallow, the river reaches The mouth

Question 30

How do waterfalls form

Answer 30

River flows over area of hard rock followed by softer rock Softer rock is eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion and more than hard rock creating a step The water erodes more softer rock A steep drop is created which is called a waterfall Hard Rock is eventually undercut and is unsupported and collapses this creates a deep plunge pool.

Question 31

What is a gorge

Answer 31

A narrow steep sided valley formed as a waterfall retreats

Question 32

What are interlocking spurs

Answer 32

Hillsides that stick out into their paths on each side

Question 33

What are meanders

Answer 33

Large bends in a river which consistently change shape

Question 34

Where does the river flow the fastest

Answer 34

On the outer bends

Question 35

What happens after the river is wore away

Answer 35

Little by little the water old is the bank

Question 36

The slowest flowing part of the river is on the

Answer 36

Inner bend

Question 37

What happens at the inner bend of the river

Answer 37

This is where it deposit it’s a load of mud and shingle

Question 38

What happens on the outside of the River bend

Answer 38

The river continues to cut the bank and results in the river eroding more and more

Question 39

How is an oxbow lake formed

Answer 39

Erosion causes the outside bend to narrow Until there’s only a tiny bit of land between the bends River breaks through this land usually during a flood The river flows along the shortest course Deposition cut off the meander forming an oxbow lake

Question 40

What shape is an oxbow lake

Answer 40

a (c) crescent shape

Question 41

What are floodplains

Answer 41

Flat areas of land that flood

Question 42

How are floodplains formed

Answer 42

Rivers flood the water slows down a deposit material that builds of the floodplain, me and has widened and migrate across floodplains overtime me and has also migrate downstream

Question 43

What are levees

Answer 43

Levees are raised embankments at the side of a river channel

Question 44

How are levees created

Answer 44

During a flood eroded material is deposited over the floodplain, Material is deposited closest to the river channel over time the deposit material buildup creating levees

Question 45

Describe the levee

Answer 45

A calm steel river short grasses and flat grassland

Question 46

Where is an Estuary found

Answer 46

Estuaries are found at rivermouths

Question 47

What do contour lines tell you

Answer 47

The direction a river flows

Question 48

(Human factors that affect flood risk) why are urban areas more likely to be at flood risk

Answer 48

They are more likely to flood because water will not infiltrate into the ground – impermeable surfaces

Question 49

(Human factors that affect flood risk) Why are Rural areas less likely to be at flood risk

Answer 49

They are less likely to flood because there is vegetation that intercept rainfall – permeable surfaces

Question 50

(Physical factors that affect flood risk) How does heavy rainfall affect flood risk

Answer 50

water may not infiltrate in the ground quick enough -more land flow -more river discharge

Question 51

(Physical factors that affect flood risk) How does prolonged rainfall affect flood risk

Answer 51

Excessive amount of rain over a long period of time can cause -Overland flow -increase of river discharge

Question 52

(Physical factors that affect flood risk) How do you impermeable rocks affect flood risk

Answer 52

A place with an impermeable surface are more likely to flood because impermeable rock doesn’t allow water to infiltrate over the ground

Question 53

What is the river discharge

Answer 53

The volume of water flowing through a river channel

Question 54

What are hydrographs used for

Answer 54

Recording the discharge of a river before during and after a rain storm

Question 55

What is hard engineering

Answer 55

Man-made structures built to control the flow of rivers

Question 56

What is soft engineering

Answer 56

Schemes set up using knowledge of rivers and its processes to reduce effects of flooding

Question 57

Describe the characteristics of an estuary

Answer 57

It has mudflats It has deposited sediment Mudflats are exposed at low tides