✅Geography PAPER1 living with the physical environment

Question 1

What is an ecosystem

Answer 1

An ecosystem is made up of plants and animals and their surrounding physical environment

Question 2

What is the food chain

Answer 2

The food chain shows how each living thing get food

Question 3

What is passed on in the food chain

Answer 3

Nutrients and energy

Question 4

What is a food web

Answer 4

All the connections between the producers and consumers in an ecosystem

Question 5

What is a producer

Answer 5

Produces convert energy from sun into sugars e.g plant

Question 6

What is a consumer

Answer 6

They get energy from eating producers or consumers e.g rabbit

Question 7

What is a decomposer

Answer 7

The breakdown of plant and animal material and it returns it back to the soil

Question 8

What is the nutrient cycle

Answer 8

Dead material that decomposes and then put nutrients into the soil, plants take the nutrients and consumers eat the plants, consumers die and then they decompose putting nutrients back into the soil

Question 9

What are natural factors that has caused changes to the ecosystem

Answer 9

Drought, floods, fire, and disease

Question 10

What are human factors that has caused changes to the ecosystem

Answer 10

Altering drainage of water altering nutrient levels of water,

Question 11

Give examples of biotic components in an ecosystem

Answer 11

Living features such as plants and animals

Question 12

Give examples of abiotic components in an ecosystem

Answer 12

Nonliving features such as climate water temperature and light

Question 13

Example of a food chain

Answer 13

Cactus, mice, scorpion, rattlesnake

Question 14

How can deforestation affect an ecosystem

Answer 14

Food webs can be destroyed

Question 15

How can farming affect the ecosystem

Answer 15

It removes all natural vegetation therefore herbivores decrease

Question 16

Name characteristics of a tundra

Answer 16

Phone the other north and south poles have very few plants and animals that can survive there

Question 17

Name characteristics of a hot desert

Answer 17

Found 30 degrees north south of equator, hot and dry not a large range of plants or animals due to harsh conditions

Question 18

Name characteristics of a tropical rainforest

Answer 18

Found near equator, hot and humid, low air pressure, large amount of species and a quarter of medicines come from rainforests

Question 19

Why does the desert have low levels of precipitation

Answer 19

Because there is high air pressure which means rarely rains because no evaporation is taking place

Question 20

Why is the tropical rain forest hot and wet

Answer 20

Because there is low pressure which means of evaporation is taking place which means rainfall happens

Question 21

Why is the tundra dry and cold

Answer 21

Because there is a high latitude and higher pressure which means it is dry and cold

Question 22

What is the climate like in tropical rainforests

Answer 22

Consistently high temperatures with ranges from 20 to 30° high fluctuating rainfall

Question 23

How does the rainforest war cycle happen

Answer 23

Heavy daily rainfall happens, trees intercept the rain, rain reaches the ground, trees take up the water, water evaporates, and then rainfall occurs again

Question 24

What are buttress roots

Answer 24

Big roots that spread across the soil and give trees stability and can be very long

Question 25

What are Lianas

Answer 25

Vines

Question 26

What are epiphytes

Answer 26

Small plants that grow on the branches of tall trees

Question 27

What is found in the under canopy

Answer 27

Dense vegetation trying to grow into gaps into the canopy

Question 28

What is found in the shrub layer

Answer 28

It is dark, has little light, has fast decomposition

Question 29

What is an impact of deforestation relating to carbon dioxide

Answer 29

The Amazon store is 100 billion tons of carbon, deforestation will release this back into the environment which contributes to global warming

Question 30

What are the values of tropical rainforests

Answer 30

Produces oxygen and stored CO2 A quarter of modern medicines come from rainforest material Tribes have cultural links with rainforests Home to loads of species

Question 31

How can equal tourism help manage the rainforest sustainability

Answer 31

Rainforests have promoted their forests for ecotourism, it aims to introduce people to the natural world, and this benefits local communities and educates them to protect the environment

Question 32

How can selective logging help manage the rainforest sustainably

Answer 32

Only some trees are cut down which is less damaging to the forest and clearing the whole area,

Question 33

How can reducing debt help manage the rainforest sustainability

Answer 33

Many tropical rainforests are found to be lower income countries would have to borrow money from wealthier countries, this money must be paid back with interest , so poor countries log, farm, and mine the rainforest to make money,

Question 34

How does education help manage the rainforest sustainably

Answer 34

Educating the International community about the impact of deforestation can encourage people to buy products from sustainable resources, the local people might damage the forest so to overcome this people should be educated about the impact of deforestation so we can help reduce the damage to rainforests and teach people alternative ways to make money and do not damage the environment

Question 35

What are the soils like in the tropical rainforest

Answer 35

It isn’t fertile as heavy rain washes nutrients away

Question 36

How do plants adapt to the rainforest

Answer 36

Plants have thick waxy leaves with pointed drip tips these channel rainwater to the point encouraging run-off so it doesn’t damage plants, fungi and bacteria can’t grow inside if there is no standing water,

Question 37

How do you climbing plants adapt to the rainforest

Answer 37

Climbing plants such as lianas use tree trunks to reach sunlight and wrap themselves up the trees

Question 38

How to trees adapt to the rainforest

Answer 38

They compete for sunlight by growing tall, they have smooth, thin bark as they is no need to protect the trunk from cold temperatures, smooth surface also helps water run-off, they have a large stable buttress roots to support the tall tree trunks

Question 39

What is the nutrient cycle

Answer 39

Dead material decomposes and the nutrients are released into the soil, Nutrients are taken up from soil by plants, plants may be eaten by consumers, when the plants or consumers die the nutrients Are returned to the soil

Question 40

Give another example of a food chain

Answer 40

Blackberry bush, greenfly, ladybird, Sparrow

Question 41

Why do rainforest have high biodiversity

Answer 41

Because they have stable and productive environments because their climate is constant, plants and animals don’t have to cope with changing conditions and there’s always plenty to eat, there are also a wide range of places for habitats

Question 42

What are some features of an organism and how it’s adapted to the rainforest if you are given a picture in the exam

Answer 42

Strong limbs, short pointed wings to fly, camouflage, good sense of smell and hearing, nocturnal, swimming

Question 43

Why is the Amazon being cut down for comical farming

Answer 43

To make space for coal or huge plantations, call ranching is one of the main causes of deforestation

Question 44

Why is the Amazon been cut down for mineral extraction

Answer 44

Gold iron and copper on mind and exported to help boost countries development, explosives are sometimes used to clear and make deep pits to be dug for mineral deposits

Question 45

How can deforestation affect climate change

Answer 45

Trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere so cutting down trees will release its carbon into the atmosphere which can cause global warming

Question 46

Outline one economic impact of deforestation

Answer 46

Mining industry has created jobs for lots of people, mining company in countries employees people,

Question 47

How does conservation help with sustainable management for tropical rainforests

Answer 47

Countries have set up a national parks and reserves within rainforests, in these areas damaging activities are restricted, as a result countries have set funds which governments and businesses can invest in the money can be used to enforce restrictions on damage and sustainable use of rainforest

Question 48

What is the climate like a hot desert

Answer 48

Little rainfall, temperatures are high and extreme, soil limits fertility, plant growth is sparse, some animals have adapted to the harsh environments

Question 49

How do plants adapt in hot deserts

Answer 49

Plant roots along to reach deep water supplies, plans have flashy stems for storing water, they contain toxins to protect them from predators

Question 50

How do animals adapt to hot deserts

Answer 50

Nocturnal animals stay cool by sleeping when temperatures are hot, they live underground, this stuff back to breakdown water,

Question 51

What is the soil like in a polar and tundra environment

Answer 51

Ice sheet cover soil so no soil is exposed, so it is thin and acidic and not very fertile, beneath the soil is a Layer permafrost which is holding trapped greenhouse gases

Question 52

What is the climate like in Polar and tundra environment

Answer 52

Very cold, precipitation is low,

Question 53

What are the plants like in a polar and tundra environment

Answer 53

Few plants such as lichens and mosses,

Question 54

What are animals like in polar and tundra environment

Answer 54

Few species in this ecosystem, polar bears penguins whales seals

Question 55

How have plants adapted to cool dry climate

Answer 55

They become inactive to survive the cold, they are low growing to provide protection from the wind, shallow roots because of permafrost, small to limit moisture

Question 56

How do animals adapt to cold climate

Answer 56

They are well insulated, for example thick fur and multiple layers of skin, hibernation to survive winter, animals migrate to warmer areas in the winter, camouflage so predators don’t sneak up on them

Question 57

Why do cold environments have low biodiversity

Answer 57

Global warming, species have adapted to Paula and violins and can’t go anywhere called us so when climate rises this can cause risk of extinction

Question 58

How is energy a development opportunity in Alaska

Answer 58

Over half of Alaska’s income comes from oil and gas, Alaska can make money by shipping and trading with countries

Question 59

How is mineral resources a development opportunity in Alaska

Answer 59

Materials such as gold silver and other halls of mind in Alaska, this can be exported and sold for money which could rise the economy

Question 60

How can tourism a development opportunity in Alaska

Answer 60

Tourists are attracted by Alaska’s scenic wilderness areas, it brings tourists from around the world and bringing money and generating employment for people

Question 61

How is extreme temperatures a challenge to development in Alaska

Answer 61

It’s very cold and has extreme weather such as snow and strong winds, exposure to extreme cold makes working outside and dangerous so opportunities for development are limited

Question 62

How is inaccessibility a challenge to development in Alaska

Answer 62

Some areas may be remote and mountainous making access typical and expensive which limits development in winter travel may be dangerous roads may be iced and ground may be too soft

Question 63

How is building and infrastructure a challenge to development in Alaska

Answer 63

Buildings and infrastructure is used to cope with either soft or frozen ground and can be expensive and difficult, this construction can only take place in the summer, people try to overcome these challenges for example trans-Alaskan oil pipeline or raised on stilts to prevent it melting.

Question 64

What four strategies help balance economic development

Answer 64

International agreements, using technology, conservation groups, the role of governments,

Question 65

Explain how international agreement strategies are needed

Answer 65

Cold environments are protected by international agreements for example Antarctica, the treaty signed by multiple nations have a limited visit us to ensure peaceful non-military activities this prohibits nuclear activities and prevents cruise ships and this allows tourism but animal controlled way that won’t hurt on the fragile ecosystem of Antarctica

Question 66

Explain how using technology strategies are needed

Answer 66

Heated buildings can melt permafrost leading to subsidence which can cause building to collapse and pipes to crack, modern construction methods can minimise environmental impacts, for example building on gravel beds and prevent buildings warming the ground

Question 67

Explain how conservation groups are strategies that are needed

Answer 67

Conservation groups such as the WWF pressured governments to protect cold environments, this can lead to sustainable development that doesn’t damage at risk areas

Question 68

How does the role of the governments provide strategies that are needed

Answer 68

Unregulated development can cause damage to the environment for example mining can pollute water, and oil pipelines can disrupt animal migration, Government passed laws such as the wilderness act to protect wilderness areas from development this means development can take place somewhere else reducing conflict over land use in wilderness areas