biology: principles of evolution

Question 0

what did darwin discover

Answer 0

finches where each species was descendent from ancestral finch
different finch species have differently shaped beaks that are best adapted for different foods

Question 1

who was darwin?

Answer 1

ships naturalist on HMS beagle

travelled to galapogos islandsand South America to study animals

Question 2

darwins famous theory

Answer 2

descent with modification

due to natural selection

Question 3

four parts to Darwin’s theory of natural selection

Answer 3

overproduction
genetic variation
struggle to survive
differential reproduction

Question 4

overproduction

Answer 4

populations ,multiply

then exceed resources

Question 5

genetic variation

Answer 5

individuals vary in population

Question 6

struggle to survive

Answer 6

resources are limited; best adapted individuals compete and survive

Question 7

differential reproduction

Answer 7

fittest individual survive

gets to pass best adaptations onto offspring

Question 8

fitness

Answer 8

measure of individuals hereditary contribution to next generation

Question 9

hat is the evidence for evolution

Answer 9

fossil record
biogeography
anatomy and embryology 
biological molecules
direct observation of evolutionary change

Question 10

fossil record

Answer 10

veal existence of extinct species

oldest fossils are fish to amphibians to reptiles to mammals and birds

Question 11

principle of superposition

Answer 11

fossils in deeper soil= older/primitive

fossils close to surface: younger/ advanced

Question 12

relative age

Answer 12

:age compared to other fossils

Question 13

absolute age

Answer 13

age estimated from radioactive dating

Question 14

Biogeography

Answer 14

Species distribution makes no sense unless they arose from common ancestor

Question 15

Homologous structures

Answer 15

Similar characteristics resulting from common anscestry

Question 16

Analogous structure

Answer 16

Similar characteristics due to summon envirnment

Question 17

Vestigial organs

Answer 17

Remnants of structures important to anscestors but not current organisms

Question 18

Embryonic homologies

Answer 18

Similar stages of development among related species

Question 19

Biological molecules

Answer 19

All living things share same genetic code( DNA &RNA)

Question 20

Direct observation of evolutionary change

Answer 20

Drug resistant viruses and antibiotic resistant bacteria

Question 21

Population genetics

Answer 21

Study of evolution from a genetic standpoint by assessing the gene pool
Utilizes study of micro evolution

Question 22

Gene pool

Answer 22

Total genetic information available in population

Question 23

Population

Answer 23

Group of individuals of same species that routinely interbreed

Question 24

Fitness

Answer 24

Ability of an organism to produce fertile offspring

Question 25

Micro evolution

Answer 25

Generation to generation change in populations gene frequency

Question 26

Gene

Answer 26

Piece of DNA coding for phenotype

Question 27

Phenotype frequency

Answer 27

Percentage of individuals with particular phenotype in population

Question 28

Gene frequency

Answer 28

Percent of gene copies in a population for a given trait | Change in gene frequency can indicate evolution is occurring

Question 29

Macro evolution

Answer 29

Changes In Species over geologic time

Question 30

Genetic drift

Answer 30

Random process that affects genetic make up of a population

Question 31

Natural selection

Answer 31

A process that allows organisms with a genotype better fit for the environment tend to survive and reproduce more

Question 32

How is genetic variation produced?

Answer 32

Mutation | Sexual reproduction

Question 33

Hardy-weinburg conditions for non-evolving population (genetic equilibrium)

Answer 33

``` No mutation No migration Very large population size Rwandan mating No naturals selection ```

Question 34

Under what conditions will population evolve?

Answer 34

Mutation Migration/gene flow Genetic drift in small population

Question 35

Mutations

Answer 35

Introduce new genes that may provide a selective advantage

Question 36

Migration/ gene flow

Answer 36

Genes move from one population to another Mix during sexual reproduction Immigration/emigration

Question 37

Genetic drift in a small population

Answer 37

Random increase or decrease of genes is strong in small population

Question 38

Founder effect

Answer 38

Gene frequencies in small migrating group not same as original population

Question 39

Bottleneck effect

Answer 39

Population undergoes dramatic decrease in size | Smaller population unlikely to represent makeup of original population

Question 40

Non-random mating/ sexual selection

Answer 40

Leads to differences in appearance of males and females Females Big energy investment in offspring: increase fitness by choosing superior mate Males Little energy investment in offspring: increase fitness by increasing quantity of offspring

Question 41

Natural selection

Answer 41

Acts upon phenotypes

Question 42

Stabilizing selection

Answer 42

Favors most common trait because best adapted (in the middle)

Question 43

Disruptive selection

Answer 43

Favors both extremes of phenotypic range (both ends none in middle)

Question 44

Directional selection

Answer 44

Favors traits that are on one extreme of phenotypic range (shift to one side)