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Biology Honors > Biology: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Biology: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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2
Q

nucleus

A

contains protons and neutrons

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3
Q

orbitals also called shells

A

surround nucleus and contain electrons

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4
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons; each element always has the same number

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5
Q

atomic mass

A

number of protons added with the number of neutrons

usually number of neutrons equals number of protons but can vary

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6
Q

isotopes

A

same element with different number of neutrons so baby different atomic mass

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7
Q

matter

A

anything that occupy space and has mass; composed of atoms

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8
Q

solid

A

atoms closely linked

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9
Q

liquid

A

atoms move more freely

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10
Q

gas

A

atoms move rapidly

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11
Q

mass

A

quantity of matter in object happens

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12
Q

elements

A

composed of only one type of atom

pure substance that can’t be changed into simpler substance

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13
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of an element maintaining chemical properties

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14
Q

molecule

A

assembly of two or more atoms

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15
Q

compound

A

assembly of two or more different atoms

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16
Q

electronegativity

A

ability of the atom to attract electrons- increases as go to the right of the periodic table

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17
Q

how are atoms held together

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, Van der waal force

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18
Q

Ionic bonds

A

involves gain and loss of electric

occurs with big difference in electronegativity

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19
Q

cation

A

if electron is lost in Ionic bonds

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20
Q

anion

A

if electron is gained

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21
Q

covalent bonds

A

involves sharing of electrons

occurs when small differences in electronegativity of atoms

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22
Q

polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons

leads to a partially positive atom and partially negative

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23
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

equals sharing of electrons

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24
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

partially positive hydrogen atom attracted to parsing negative Adam and different molecules
easy to make and break

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25
Van der Waal Forces
slight attraction that happens between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
26
why does the electronic and the water stay closer to oxygen
oxygen is more electronegative | so oxygen and is slightly negative and hydrogen and is slightly positive
27
five special properties of water
``` powerful solvent cohesion adhesion resists change in temperature ice floats ```
28
hydrophilic
water loving dissolve in water because they're polar
29
hydrophobic
water fearing because there non-polar
30
cohesion
attraction between like substances | creates high surface tension
31
adhesion
attraction of unlike substances | capillary action-adhesion pulls water up a narrow tube against gravity
32
water resists changes in temperature
has a high heat capacity | absorbs and releases large amounts of heat with only a slight temperature change
33
ice floats
water expands and becomes less dense as it freezes | hydrogen bonds form crystals expanding the water and decreasing its density
34
mixture
when substances are evenly spread out
35
solute
dissolves in solvent
36
solvent
what the solvent is dissolved into
37
concentration
amount of solute dissolved in solution
38
saturated solution
no more solid can be dissolved
39
aqueous solution
water is the solvent
40
pH
measures amount of H+ in an obvious solution H2O= H+ and OH- scale from 0-14
41
acids
donates H+ to high H+ concentration pH of 0-6
42
base
accepts H+ from solutions pH of 8-14 more OH- than H+ in solution
43
neutral
neither add or remove H+ from solution | pH= 7
44
why is pH so important organisms
changing pH can change the shape of molecules making them useless
45
buffers
maintain constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them
46
reactants
starting material
47
product
ending material
48
why the chemical reactions occur in cells
matter tends to go towards unorganized state (entropy) | living things need energy to maintain the chemical and physical order
49
redox reactions
allow energy to pass from molecule to molecule lose electrons= oxidized gain electrons= reduced
50
Activation energy
energy needed to start a reaction
51
catalyst
substance that reduces the amount of activation energy needed
52
what is an organic molecule
must contain carbon all living things made of chains of carbon atoms carpet is unique because the bonds of many elements at once
53
monomer
small simple molecules
54
polymers
monomer linked together many times
55
macromolecule
molecules with hundreds or thousands of monomers
56
dehydration reactions
joining a monomer to a polymer by removing the water molecule
57
hydrolysis reaction
breaking down a polymer by adding a water molecule
58
hydroxyl
OH alcohol, sugars polar, hydrophilic
59
carboxyl
COOH amino acids, fatty acids, sugars polar, hydrophilic, weak acid
60
amino
NH2 amino acids polar, hydrophilic, weak base
61
phosphate
PO3 DNA, ATP, phospholipids polar, hydrophilic, acid
62
Carbony
C=O acetone, sugar polar, hydrophilic
63
methyl
CH3 fatty acids, oils, waxes nonpolar, hydrophobic
64
what molecules of life do cells build
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
65
how do you make sugars?
1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen | sugars always and in "ose"
66
monosaccharides or simple sugars
C6H 12 O6 | positions of atoms determine chemistry
67
isomer
same molecular formula but different structures and properties
68
disacchride
two monosaccharides joined by dehydration reaction
69
polysaccharides
do you hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined together
70
where are sugars made in animals
not made ingested and stored as fat
71
where are sugars made in plant cells
chloroplasts makes sugar
72
how do you make a protein
start with an amino acid linked amino acids to be, proteins covalently bonded by peptide bonds a dehydration reaction two amino acids is it a dipeptide three a more amino acids is a polypeptide
73
what is an amino acid made out of
Ameena, carboxyl, hydrogen, carbon and 20 different amino acids due to different side chains
74
how do you make a protein continued- structures
primary structure- unique sequence of amino acids secondary structure- coils are folding proteins tertiary structure- overall three-dimensional shape quaternary structure- combination of two or more proteins
75
what happens to proteins if the temperature or pH changes
it becomes denatured and does not work
76
what to proteins do
``` make structures storage for growing offspring fighting disease enzymes- biological catalysts transport ```
77
enzyme
protein that controls the rate of chemical reactions and in "ase" only fits specific reactants just like a catalyst
78
where are proteinss made
in animal and plant cells assembled in ribosomes
79
what structures to lipids make
oils, fats, the waxes | mainly nonpolar groups
80
fatty acids
not a polymer energy storage insulation and protection one and a long carbon chain-hydrophobic other end carboxyl group-hydrophilic
81
saturated fatty acids
no double bonds
82
unsaturated fatty acids
at least one double bond
83
cholesterol
not a polymer at least for linked carbon rings make steroids and part of cell memberane
84
phospholipid
hydrophobic fatty acid tale with phosphate hydrophilic head | cell membrane is two layers of phospholipids lined up tail to tail
85
where lipids made
in smooth endoplasmic reticulum
86
what does an nucleic acid do?
storage and transport of important information about a cell
87
how do you make nucleic acid?
start with nucleotides | link nucleotides with covalent bondsthrough dehydration reaction to create nucleic acid polymer of nucleotides
88
what are nucleotides made of
phosphate sugar and nitrogenous base
89
two types of nucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid determined characteristics and direct cell activities ribonucleic acid stores and transfers information from DNA to make proteins
90
where are nucleic acids made
in animal and plant cellsin the nucleus

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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