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human biology Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

collects internal and external information

processes and responds to information

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2
Q

what is th nervous system composed of?

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal chord

processes information and forms a response

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves
collects information using sense organs
responds to info using effectors muscles/glands)

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5
Q

nueron

A

receives and transmits information

made of: cell body, dendrite, axon, synapse

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6
Q

cell body

A

contains cell membrane, nucleus, other organelles

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7
Q

dendrite

A

short branches coming out of cell body

recieve signals from environment or other nuerons

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8
Q

axon

A

long tube extending from cell body

transmits nerve impulses

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9
Q

synapse

A

junction between synaptic terminals and a gland or muscle

neurotransmitter released from a neuron crosses to synapse and picked up by muscle or gland receptor

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10
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical that affects another cell

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11
Q

how is an impulse sent

A

due to selectively permeable axon membrane it is more permeable to potassium than sodium

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12
Q

at a resting state

A

outside the axon is more positively charged more sodium ions
inside is more negatively charged lots of negatively charged proteins and potassium ions

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13
Q

how was an impulse started

A

when it a stimulus reaches threshold meeting the minimum a stimuli required to cause action potential

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14
Q

action potential #1

A

causes axon membrane to open the sodium gates
sodium attracted to the negative charges inside the non-flood into it
outside becomes more negatively charged and inside becomes more positively charged

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15
Q

action potential #2

A

then that potassium ion gates and acts on membrane open due to excess sodium ions
the potassium ions are repelled by the positive charges and flood outside of the neuron
outside becomes more positively charged and inside becomes more negatively charged again
this swapping of potassium and sodium travels down the neuron in one direction away from the cell body
at the synaptic terminal the neurotransmitter is released making a reaction

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16
Q

what factors affect the nervous system

A 
1.amount of myelination in axon
More is a fast reaction
2. permeability of sodium on axon
3.type of neurotransmitter
4. Prescription drugs
5. Illegal drugs
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17
Q

Acetylcholine

A

muscle contraction

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18
Q

serotonin

A

sleep, mood, tension and learning

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19
Q

dopamine

A

movement reward

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20
Q

endorphins

A

reduce pain increase positive mood

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21
Q

what does heroin and codeine do?

A

increase dopamine release can cause a feeling of well-being convulsions, or death

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22
Q

marijuana and hashish results

A

depressed higher brain centers

induce anxiety free state hallucinations distortions of time and space

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23
Q

cocaine affects

A

keep dopamine in synapses for a long time creates euphoric feeling constrict blood vessels may cause death

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24
Q

what are the nonspecific defenses against as he is

A

barrier/innate defense- skin and mucous membranes

cellular defense-one bacteria viruses etc. get to scan barrier inflammatory response

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25
skin mucous membranes
provide physical barrier | mucus trapped microbes cilia sweeps into stomach or out of body
26
lysozyme
antimicrobial found in saliva and mucus and tears
27
inflammatory response
triggers release of histamine-causes blood vessels to dilate fluid squeezes through dilate blood vessels-causes pain temperature increases following Phagocytes squeeze through dilated blood vessels-in golf or kill pathogens by phagocytosis
28
lymphatic system
recognizes self versus other and attacks the other based on protein tags made of bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
29
lymph vessels
network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells
30
lymph
fluid that transports foreign particles to lymph nodes
31
lymph nodes
enlarged bodies throughout lymphatic system clean and defend against infection
32
lymphocytes
white blood cells that circulate in blood and lymph | b and T cells
33
b cells
originate and mature in bone marrow
34
T cells
originate in bone marrow mature and thymus gland
35
plasma B cells
short-lived B cells | secrete antibodies that clump to antigens
36
memory B cells
long-lived B cells circulate for future immunity | respond quickly when exposed to same antigen again
37
how do T cells work
defend against viruses and bacteria without infecting body cells from thy protozoa and parasitic worms
38
helper T cells
recognize infected cells, stimulate B cell production, and stimulate cytotoxic T cells
39
cytotoxic T cells
recognize and destroy cells infected with pathogen, stimulate memory T cell production
40
memory T cells
long-lived T cells for future immunity, respond quickly when exposed to same antigen again
41
human supplements to natural body defense
antibiotics-kill bacteria vaccines-use an active virus or bacteria to produce memory cells which quickly fired off the future infection passive immunity-is transmitting antibodies from previously infected to newly infected person, mother to baby
42
endocrine gland
secrete hormones directly into the blood
43
exocrine gland
secrete substances onto a surface
44
hormone
chemical secreted by cell that affects a target cell
45
target cells
contains receptors receive secreted hormone
46
what is the role of the endocrine system
to maintain homeostasis
47
negative feedback system
1 gland shuts off if too much hormone in body | 2 gland turns back on when not enough hormone in the body
48
positive feedback system
1 gland produces hormones | 2 hormone stimulates glands to make more hormone
49
major hormones of the pituitary gland
located in brain | growth hormone, prolactin, anti-diuretic hormone, oxytocin
50
growth hormone
stimulates cells to increase in size and grow more rapidly
51
prolactin
stimulates sustained milk production in women after birth
52
anti-diuretic hormone
decreases urine production
53
oxytocin
contracts uterin wall muscles and milk secretion muscles
54
major hormones of the thyroid gland
located in neck region | thyroxin, calcitonin
55
thyroxin
increases metabolism and growth
56
calcitonin
takes calcium out of blood and stores in blood
57
parathyroid glands
four glands embedded and thyroid glands | parathyroid hormone-releases calcium from bone and puts it back into blood
58
adrenal glands
located on top of each kidney help deal with stress | produce: adrenaline, aldosterone, cortisol, adrenal androgens
59
adrenaline
responsible for a flight or fight response
60
aldosterone
controls electrolyte balance
61
cortisol
controls metabolism
62
adrenal adrogens
supplement sex hormones from gonads
63
pancreas
located in your small intestine, regulates blood glucose and blood glucagon- elevated blood glucose levels insulin-decrease blood glucose levels
64
pineal gland
located near basic brain and regulates circadian rhythms
65
thymus gland
located about heart, helps with immunity
66
ovaries
estrogen and progesterone that regulate menstrual and ovarian cycle
67
testes
testosterone regulates sperm production
68
placenta
regulates embryo/fetal development

Biology Honors (13 decks)

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