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EoSC Spring Semester > Biology Q1 > Flashcards

Biology Q1 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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2
Q

Which of the macromolecules are polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

Connecting of two molecules by removing H2O

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4
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking down of a molecule by adding H2O

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5
Q

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

A

Fuel and building material

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and their polymers

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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The monomer for more complex carbohydrates

Usually composed of multiples of CH2O

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8
Q

Glucose

A

Simplest sugar, structure of a ring of carbon atoms

C6H12O6

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

A storage polysaccharide found in animals

Stored in liver and muscle cells before being turned into fat

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharides that give plants’ cell walls their rigidity

The more cellulose, the more rigid

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11
Q

What three organelles are only found in plants?

A

Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Central Vacuole

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12
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides that are combined via a glycosidic linkage

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13
Q

The only macromolecule that is not a polymer

A

Lipids

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14
Q

Primary characteristic of lipids

A

Hydrophobia due to nonpolar covalent bonds

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15
Q

Fats

A

lipids composed of a glycerol “head” and one or more fatty acid “tails”

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16
Q

Saturated fat

A

A fat that is solid at room temperature, due to high quantity of hydrogen atoms that cause fatty acid tails to be straight

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17
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

A fat that is liquid at room temperature due to a low quantity of hydrogen atoms causing fatty acid tails to be bent

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18
Q

The most common form of animal fat (saturated or unsaturated)

A

Saturated

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19
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid composed of a hydrophilic “head” and two hydrophobic “tails”

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20
Q

Purpose of phospholipids

A

Form membranes of organelles and the cell as a whole

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21
Q

Steroid

A

Carbon lipid composed of four fused rings
Provides structural support to the cell and acts as a chemical messenger

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22
Q

Percentage of most cells’ dry mass that is made up of protein

A

50%

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23
Q

Protein

Study These Flashcards
A

Proteins - Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptide

24
Q

Polypeptide

Study These Flashcards
A

Unbranched polymers made of amino acids

25
Number of amino acids
20
26
8 Types of proteins (categorized by function)
- Enzymatic proteins - Storage Proteins - Transport Proteins - Defensive proteins - Hormonal proteins - Receptor proteins - Contractile/Motor proteins - Structural proteins
27
The two types of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
28
4 monomers of nucleic acid
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Uracil
29
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells without defined organelles aside from ribosomes - DNA is free-floating -Smaller than Eukaryotic cells - Only forms single-cell organisms
30
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with defined organelles - DNA is contained in the nucleus - Larger that prokaryotic cells - Often part of a multicellular organism
31
Domain
Biological taxonomy level above Kingdom
32
The two domains that contain prokaryotic cells
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea
33
The domain that contains eukaryotic cells
Domain Eukaria
34
Steroid that provides cell membrane with flexibility
Cholesterol
35
Portion of the nucleus that surrounds and protects the DNA
Nuclear Envelope
36
Nuclear Pores
Holes through which RNA can exit the nucleus
37
Ribosome
Organelle that uses RNA to produce proteins, then deposits the proteins into the rough endoplasmic reticulum
38
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle that adds additional branches to synthesized proteins before ending to the golgi aparatus Called "rough" due to presence of embedded ribosomes Surrounds nucleus
39
Golgi Aparatus
Organelle that provides final modifications to protein before sending it where it is needed
40
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle that creates lipids and removes toxins Called "smooth" due to lack of embeded ribosomes
41
Lysosome
Organelle that breaks down large molecules, destroys old or damaged organelles, and removes waste from the cell
42
Mitochondria
Organelle that forms ATP, the primary molecule used for energy by the body The "powerhouse" of the cell
43
Chloroplast
Organelle that performs photosynthesis in plants
44
Cytoskeleton
A network of protein filaments that provides shape and structure to the cell and allows for movement (not an organelle)
45
Central Vacuole
An organelle in plant cells that is empty pocket, used to store materials or toxins
46
Cell Wall
A rigid organelle found in plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane
47
What three organelles are exclusive to plants?
Chloroplast Cell Wall Central Vacuole
48
Tonicity
The tendency of a cell to gain or lose water via osmosis based on particle concentration of surrounding fluid
49
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell of the atom Determines the behavior of the atom
50
Ion
An atom with a charge Caused by an unequal number of protons and electrons
51
Maximum number of electrons per shell
2 in innermost shell, 8 in each shell after each shell must be filled completely before the next shell can be made
52
Electronegativity
Tendency of atoms with an incomplete outer shell to attract electrons to complete their outer shell
53
Covalent Bond
Bonding of two or more atoms by sharing of valence electrons Forms a molecule
54
Nonpolar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally, resulting in neither atom having a charge
55
Polar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally, resulting in one atom having a positive charge and one having a negative charge
56
Cation
A positively-charged atom/ion (memory aid: The "t" in "cat" looks like a +)
57
Anion
A negatively-charged atom/ion (memory aid: "an" is part of "anti")

EoSC Spring Semester (13 decks)

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