Biology Q4 Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 types of natural selection?
A
- Directional Selection - Favors one extreme characteristic
- Stabilizing selection - Favors moderate characteristic
- Disruptive selection - Favors multiple extreme characteristics (causes new species development)
2
Q
Species
A
A population that will not interbreed with other species under natural circumstances
3
Q
Allopatric Speciation
A
Speceis formation initiated by geographic separation
4
Q
Sympatric Speciation
A
Species formation initiated without geographic separation
5
Q
Evolution
A
Genetic change over time
6
Q
How many mass extinction events have occurred? What was the most recent?
A
5 mass extinction events
Dinosaur extinction most recent
7
Q
5 Types of Selection Pressures
A
- Competition for food
- Competition for mates
- Predation
- Environmental changes
- Parasites
8
Q
What are the four basic principles of evolution?
A
- Variation (different members of the same species have different characteristics)
- Heritability (Traits are passed down from parent to child)
- Differential Reproductive Success (Organisms with traits better suited to their environment have more offspring)
- 99.9% of all species are extinct
9
Q
What percent of cells in the human body are nonhuman?
A
90%
10
Q
Plasmid
A
A circular DNA molecule
11
Q
3 types of plasmid
A
- Metabolic Plasmid
- Resistance Plasmid
- Virulence Plasmid
12
Q
What are the 3 ways antibiotic systems destroy pathogens?
A
- Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
- Inhibiting protein synthesis
- Inhibiting DNA production
13
Q
How are bacteria classified?
A
By their shape
14
Q
What are the 3 ways bacteria perform genetic exchange?
A
- Conjugation (transfer directly from 1 bacteria to another)
- Transduction (Transfer via viruses)
- Transformation (release of genetic information from a burst bacterium)
15
Q
3 Examples of non-vascular plants
A
- Mosses
- Liverwort
- Hornwart
16
Q
2 divisions of vascular plants
A
- Seeded
- Seedless
17
Q
How archaea differ from bacteria (2 ways)
A
- Chemical composition of cell wall, flagella, plasma membrane
- DNA sequence
18
Q
What sort of environments to archaea thrive in?
A
Those too extreme for most other organisms
19
Q
2 factors that separate protists from bacteria and archaea
A
- Larger size (still usually single cell though)
- Eukaryotic
20
Q
3 Varieties of protists
A
- Animal-like (move and hunt for prey)
- Plant-like (photosynthesize)
- Fungus-like (heterotrophs that form sheet-like colonies)
21
Q
Slime Molds
A
Fungus-like protists
22
Q
Structure of a virus
A
- Capsid and plasma membrane containing genetic material (DNA or RNA)
23
Q
How do viruses reproduce?
A
- Inject genetic material into a living cell
- Viral genetic material copies itself
- Uses host’s ribosomes, etc, to produce new proteins
- Proteins are ejected from host, assembled into new virus
24
Q
Why do RNA viruses evolve more quickly than DNA viruses
A
DNA replication has an “error checking” enzyme that prevents many mutations
25
What determines which cells a virus can invade?
Glycoproteins on the outside of the virus
26
Xylem
Phloem
Plant veins that carry water an minerals upwards
Plant veins that carry metabolic products downwards
27
How do xylem transport substances upwards?
Evaporation causes water to move upwards due to adhesion, assisted by lignin in water-transporting molecules
28
What was the major change pollination made to plant reproduction
Loss of reliance on water, instead using wind and animals for pollen movement
29
Bryophyte
Another term for nonvascular plant
30
Seed
A plant embryo surrounded by a protective coat
31
2 classifications of seed plants
Gymnosperms (non-flowering, "naked-seed", e.g. conifers)
Angiosperms (flowering)
32
Describe reproduction of mosses
- Sporophyte released spores
- spores become gametophytes (haploids w/ one gender or another, "normal" moss)
- Sperm from male gametophyte travels to female gametophyte via water
- fertilized embryo creates sporophyte
33
2 differences between monocots and dicots
- Monocots have 1 cotyledon, while dicots have 2
- Monocots have parallell veins, while dicots have netlike veins
34
3 characteristics of living vascular plants
- Life cycle composed mainly of sporophytes
- Presence of Xylem/Phloem
- Well-developed roots and leaves
35
Describe the life cycle of a fern
- A fern develops spores inside of sporangia
- Spores are released and become gametophytes
- Sperm from gametophytes are transported to eggs via water
- A sporophyte is formed
36
What type of plants are the most diverse?
Angiosperms
37
When did angiosperms begin to replace gymnosperms?
End of the Mesozoic
38
Stamen
The male portion of a flower, consists of anther and filament
39
Carpel
The female portion of the flower
Consists of the stigma (top), style (stalk), and ovary
40
Three key characteristics of animals
- All are capable of locomotion
- All are heterotrophs
- All are multicellular
41
4 criteria by which animals are divided?
- Does the animal have specialized cells that form tissues?
- Does the animal have radial or bilateral symmetry?
- Does the GI tract develop back-to-front or front-to-back?
- Continuous growth or molting?
42
Protostomes
Animals whose GI tracts are developed front-to-back
(Flat worms, arthropods, mollusks etc.)
43
Deutrostomes
Animals whose GI tracts are developed back-to-front
(Vertebrates and echidnoderms)
44
4 characteristics of sponges
- No organs or specialized cells
- Body consists of hollow tube with pores in its wall
- Filter feeders
- Larvae are free-swimming, adults are sessile
45
2 Characteristics of Cnidarians
- Radial symmetry
- Tentacles lined with stinging cnidocytes, used to paralyze prey
- Alternating generations of sessile polyps and free-floating medusae
- Can reproduce sexually and asexually
46
3 Major groups of cnidarians
- Corals
- Sea anemones
- Jellyfishes
47
3 most diverse animal phyla
3 - Nematoda (roundworms)
2 - Mollusca
1 - Arthropoda
48
4 Characteristics of Flatworms
- Well-defined head and tail regions
- Hermaphroditic
- Can reproduce sexually or asexually
- Some have single body opening that acts as both mouth and anus
49
5 Characteristics of roundworms
- Long, narrow unsegmented body
- Bilateral symmetry
- Surrounded by strong, flexible cuticle
- Must molt to grow
- Full GI tract, protostomes
50
1 Characteristic of Annelids
- Segmented worms
51
3 Categories of Annelids/segmented worms
- Marine polychaetes
- Earthworms
- Leeches
52
Polychaetes
Marine segmented worms, "may bristles"
53
3 types of mollusks
- Gastropods
- Bivalves
- Cephalopods
54
4 characteristics of arthropods
- Segmented body
- Chitin exoskeleton
- Jointed appendages
- Protostomes
55
4 types of arthropods
- Insects
- Arachnids
- Crustaceans
- Millipedes/centipedes
56
Earliest (evolutionarily) creatures able to fly
Insects
57
4 Types of Echinoderms
- Sea Stasr/sand dollars
- Sea Urchins
- Sea cucumbers
58
4 characteristics of echidnoderms
- Enclosed by hard skeleton under spiny skin
- Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and share anatomy features with chordates
- Adults are radially symmetrical
- Undersides covered in tube feet
59
4 common structures of chordates
- Notochord
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- Pharyngeal slits
- Post-Anal tails
60
Notochord
A rod of tissue extending from the head to the tails
Kept throughout life in simpler vertebrates, but replaced by backbone in more complex chordates
61
Pharyngeal Slits
Gill-like slits in neck
Disappear during development in many chordates
62
2 evolutionary changes in mammals that led to endothermy
- Longer legs increased locomotion, which increases cellular respiration and thus more heat
- Hair allows for heat to be trapped and used for temperature regulations
63
3 categories of mammals
- Monotremes (platypus and echidna)
- Marsupial
- Placental mammal
64
How long does it take for one E. Coli bacterium to become 20 million?
12 hours
65
Chermorganotrophs
Bacteria that feed on organic matter
66
Chemolithotropes
Bacteria that feed on nonorganic matter
